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Ap Language > Literary and Rhetorical devices > Flashcards

Literary and Rhetorical devices Flashcards

1
Q

Active voice: Definition

A

The subject of the sentence performs the action. This is a more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases

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2
Q

Allusion: Definition

A

An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text, although it can be other things commonly known, such as plays, songs, historical events) with which the reader is supposed to be familiar

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3
Q

Alter-ego: Definition

A

A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character

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4
Q

Anecdote: Definition

A

A brief recountion of a relevant episode often inserted into fictional texts.

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5
Q

Classification: Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures

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6
Q

Comic relief: Definition

A

when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood somewhat

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7
Q

Diction: Definition

A

Word choice, particularly as an element of style

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8
Q

Colloquial: Definition

A

Ordinary or familiar type of conversation

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9
Q

Connotation: Definition

A

Implied meaning rather than literal meaning

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10
Q

Denotation: Definition

A

The literal, explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations

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11
Q

Passive voice: Definition

A

When the subject of the sentence receives the action

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12
Q

Passive voice: Ex

A

“The car was driven by Anthony”

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13
Q

Passive voice: Effect

A

This obscures/de-emphasizes the actor of the sentence making it less direct

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14
Q

Active voice: Ex

A

“Anthony drove while tony searched for the house”

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15
Q

Active voice: Effect

A

This reveals/emphasizes the actor of the sentence making it more direct

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16
Q

Allusion: Example

A

“You’re acting like a Scrooge”

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17
Q

Allusion: Effect

A

This can essentially give a deeper meaning to the story

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18
Q

Alter-ego: Example

A

Shakespeare speaking to his audience about his upcoming retirement, through the main character of the play, Prospero

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19
Q

Alter-ego: Effect

A

This can help bridge gaps within the reader

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20
Q

Anecdote: Example

A

Someone telling as story about their cat going downstairs at only certain times at night when a group of coworkers are discussing pets

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21
Q

Anecdote: Effect

A

This can develop a point of inject humor to the text

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22
Q

Classicism: Example

A

Strict, rigid and logical diction and theme

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23
Q

Classicism: Effect

A

This allows your readers completely understand the subject of your paper

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24
Q

Comic relief: Example

A

The “gatekeeper” scene in Macbeth

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25
Q

Comic relief: Effect

A

This allows for a lift in the mood of a story

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26
Q

Diction: Example

A

Informal Diction

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27
Q

Diction: Effect

A

This is used to evoke specific emotions in the author’s audience

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28
Q

Colloquial

A

Words like “ain’t” or “gonna”

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29
Q

Colloquial

A

This helps to give the text a conversational tone, as well as a more casual and relaxed effect

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30
Q

Connotation: Example

A

Blue being a color but also being used in the sentence “She was feeling blue”

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31
Q

Connotation: Effect

A

This can help create emotional associations, whether positive, negative, or neutral, to the text

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32
Q

Denotation: Example

A

“She was cold”

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33
Q

Denotation: Effect

A

This allows for words to be understood by readers

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34
Q

Antecedent: Definition

A

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

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35
Q

Antecedent- Example

A

Sally walked her dog (Sally)

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36
Q

Antecedent- Effect

A

This makes the sense of a sentence clear to the readers

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37
Q

Jargon- Definition

A

The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession

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38
Q

Jargon- Example

A

Terms like AWOL used in the military

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39
Q

Jargon- Effect

A

This helps to show dexterity of the writer because of knowledge of other spheres and can make a character seem real in fiction

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40
Q

Vernacular: Definition

A

Can be language or dialect of a particular country or of a regional clan or group, or just plain everyday speech

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41
Q

Vernacular: Example

A

Everyday speech

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42
Q

Vernacular: Effect

A

This made literature more accessible to the general public

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43
Q

Didactic: Definition

A

A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking

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44
Q

Didactic: Example

A

Aesop’s Fables

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45
Q

Didactic: Effect

A

This gives a way for the readers to better themselves

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46
Q

Adage: Definition

A

A folk saying with a lesson

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47
Q

Adage: Example

A

“A rolling stone gathers no moss”

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48
Q

Adage: Effect

A

This helps serves as a symbol of collected wisdom and becomes accepted wisdom

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49
Q

Allegory: Definition

A

A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events, represent qualities or concepts

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50
Q

Allegory: Example

A

Animal Farm by George Orwell

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51
Q

Allegory: Effect

A

This helps to reveal an abstraction or a truth

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52
Q

Aphorism: Definition

A

A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle

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53
Q

Aphorism: Example

A

“God helps them that help themselves”

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54
Q

Aphorism: Effect

A

This helps to summarize the author’s point in a memorable way

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55
Q

Ellipsis: Definition

A

The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author

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56
Q

Ellipsis: Example

A

“The whole day, rain. torrents of rain.”

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57
Q

Ellipsis: Effect

A

This creates suspense or allows the reader to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out

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58
Q

Euphemism: Definition

A

A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts

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59
Q

Euphemism: Example

A

“Physically challenged”

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60
Q

Euphemism: Effect

A

This exaggerates correctness to add humor

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61
Q

Figurative Language: Definition

A

Language that’s not meant to be taken literally

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62
Q

Figurative Language: Example

A

Metaphors

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63
Q

Figurative Language: Effect

A

This can transform ordinary descriptions into evocative events, enhance the emotional significance of passages, and turn prose into a form a poetry

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64
Q

Analogy: Definition

A

A comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables, arguing that the relationship between a 2 pairs of variables is the same.

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65
Q

Analogy: Example

A

“America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle”

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66
Q

Analogy: Effect

A

This creates imagery and deeper understanding of concepts

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67
Q

Hyperbole: Definition

A

Exaggeration

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68
Q

Hyperbole: Example

A

“My mother will kill me if I am late”

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69
Q

Hyperbole: Effect

A

This adds an amusing effect in the text

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70
Q

Idiom: Definition

A

A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally

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71
Q

Idiom: Example

A

“I got chewed out by my coach”

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72
Q

Idiom: Effect

A

This can amplify messages in a way that draws readers in

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73
Q

Metaphor: Definition

A

Making an implied comparison, not using “like,”as” or other such words

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74
Q

Metaphor: Example

A

“My feet are popsicles.”

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75
Q

Metaphor: Effect

A

This allows writers to convey vivid imagery that transcends literal meanings

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76
Q

Extended Metaphor

A

When the metaphor is continued later in the written work

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77
Q

Extended Metaphor

A

Saying “my feet are popsicles” and continuing to call them that in later paragraphs

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78
Q

Extended Metaphor

A

This allows the writers to elaborate on a comparison between two objects or ideas

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79
Q

Conceit

A

A particularly elaborate extended metaphor

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80
Q

Conceit

A

“A broken heart is a damaged clock”

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81
Q

Conceit

A

This is demands attention from readers

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82
Q

Metonymy: Definition

A

Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word of concept

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83
Q

Metonymy: Example

A

“Relations between London and Washington have been strained”

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84
Q

Metonymy: Effect

A

This enhances literary symbolism

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85
Q

Synecdoche: Definition

A

A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts. or vice versa

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86
Q

Synecdoche: Example

A

“Check out my new wheels”

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87
Q

Synecdoche: Effect

A

This allows speaker to emphasize certain parts of a whole, highlighting their importance

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88
Q

Simile: Definition

A

Using words such a “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very things

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89
Q

Simile: Example

A

“My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles”

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90
Q

Simile: Effect

A

This allows writers to create imagery for reader

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91
Q

Synesthesia: Definition

A

A description involving “crossing of the senses”

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92
Q

Synesthesia: Example

A

“A purplish scent filled the room”

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93
Q

Synesthesia: Effect

A

This creates a interest in the work

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94
Q

Personification: Definition

A

Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human

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95
Q

Personification: Example

A

“The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill”

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96
Q

Personification: Effect

A

This stretches the boundaries of reality to make literature and poetry more vivid

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97
Q

Foreshadowing: Definition

A

When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story

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98
Q

Foreshadowing: Example

A

Dialogue like “I have a bad feeling about this”

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99
Q

Foreshadowing: Effect

A

This creates suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that thins may not be as they seem

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100
Q

Genre: Definition

A

The major category into which a literary work fits

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101
Q

Genre: Example

A

Autobiography

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102
Q

Genre: Effect

A

This sets a certain horizon of expectations and offers a key to understanding the text

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103
Q

Gothic: Definition

A

Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death

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104
Q

Gothic: Example

A

“The Castle of Otranto”

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105
Q

Gothic: Effect

A

This elicits intense, suspenseful feelings of fear, shock, dread, or disgust in the reader

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106
Q

Imagery: Definition

A

Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind that usually involve the five sense

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107
Q

Imagery: Example

A

“Her lips tasted as sweet as sugar.”

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108
Q

Imagery: Effect

A

This makes something abstract seem more concrete and tangible to the reader

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109
Q

Invective: Definition

A

A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language

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110
Q

Invective: Example

A

“You’re going to be alone forever!”

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111
Q

Invective: Effect

A

This can arouse negative emotion in the audience as well as the target of the insult

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112
Q

Irony: Definition

A

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does

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113
Q

Irony: Example

A

A fire station burns down

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114
Q

Irony: Effect

A

This can spark strong feelings in the reader

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115
Q

Verbal Irony: Definition

A

When you say somethin and mean the opposite/something different

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116
Q

Verbal Irony: Example

A

If your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster but calls it a “walk in the park”

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117
Q

Verbal Irony: Effect

A

This develops funny and dramatic situations

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118
Q

Dramatic Irony: Definition

A

When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out

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119
Q

Dramatic Irony: Example

A

When we know who the killer is in the movie but the soon to be victim doesn’t

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120
Q

Dramatic Irony: Effect

A

This encourages the audience to anticipate, hope, and fear the moment when a character learns the truth about things in the story

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121
Q

Juxtaposition: Definition

A

Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison

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122
Q

Juxtaposition: Example

A

The author putting the day of an american against the day of someone in a third world country

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123
Q

Juxtaposition: Effect

A

This encourages the reader to make comparisons otherwise ignored or unapparent

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124
Q

Mood: Definition

A

The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (Diction)

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125
Q

Mood: Example

A

Cheerful

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126
Q

Mood: Effect

A

This creates an emotional response in the audience

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127
Q

Motif: Definition

A

A recurring idea in a piece of literature

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128
Q

Motif: Example

A

In to Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view” being brought up several times throughout the novel

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129
Q

Motif: Effect

A

Adds depth, conveys meaning, and/or shape to the way a reader receives, responds to, or understands a text

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130
Q

Oxymoron: Definition

A

When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox

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131
Q

Oxymoron: Example

A

Jumbo shrimp

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132
Q

Oxymoron: Effect

A

This can support a lighthearted mood and emphasize conflict

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133
Q

Pacing: Definition

A

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing

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134
Q

Pacing: Example

A

Sluggish

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135
Q

Pacing: Effect

A

This is used to appeal to different audiences

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136
Q

Paradox: Definition

A

A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true

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137
Q

Paradox: Example

A

“You can’t get a job without experience, and you can’t get experience without getting a job”

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138
Q

Paradox: Effect

A

This allows readers to understand concepts in a different and even non-traditional way

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139
Q

Parallelism: Definition

A

Sentence construction which places equal grammatical patterns

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140
Q

Parallelism: Example

A

“Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs”

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141
Q

Parallelism: Effect

A

This adds emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing

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142
Q

Anaphora: Definition

A

Repetition of a word, phase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row

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143
Q

Anaphora: Example

A

“I came, I saw, I conquered.”

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144
Q

Anaphora: Effect

A

This helps make the writer’s point more coherent

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145
Q

Chiasmus: Definition

A

When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed

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146
Q

Chiasmus: Example

A

“Fair is foul and foul is fair”

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147
Q

Chiasmus: Effect

A

This is used to create a special artistic effect laying emphasis on what they want to communicate

148
Q

Antithesis: Definition

A

Two opposite or contrasting words, phases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure

149
Q

Antithesis: Example

A

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”

150
Q

Antithesis: Effect

A

Used to make it obvious which idea is better and can be powerful

151
Q

Zeugma(Syllepsis): Definition

A

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other word it governs or modifies

152
Q

Zeugma(Syllepsis): Example

A

“The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress

153
Q

Zeugma(Syllepsis): Effect

A

This is used to either confuse the reader or inspire them to look deeper

154
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Definition

A

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence

155
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Example

A

“In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil”

156
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Effect

A

This is used to clarify the first statement

157
Q

Parody: Definition

A

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes, borrowing words or phrases from an original and poking fun at it.

158
Q

Parody: Example

A

Pride and Prejudice with Zombies

159
Q

Parody: Effect

A

This allows criticizing and questioning without being aggressive or malicious

160
Q

Persona: Definition

A

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story

161
Q

Persona: Example

A

The speaker in “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe

162
Q

Persona: Effect

A

This is allows for one to express ideas, beliefs, and voices they aren’t able to express freely

163
Q

Poetic Device: Definition

A

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines

164
Q

Poetic Device: Example

A

Repitition

165
Q

Poetic Device: Effect

A

This enhances the timing and rhythm of the poem

166
Q

Alliteration: Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of the words

167
Q

Alliteration: Example

A

“Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore”

168
Q

Alliteration: Effect

A

This is used to make poetry sound pleasing and put a spotlight on the subject contained therein

169
Q

Assonance: Definition

A

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

170
Q

Assonance: Example

A

“From the molten-golden notes”

171
Q

Assonance: Effect

A

This creates rhythm in poetry

172
Q

Consonance: Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end or words or within words

173
Q

Consonance: Example

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

174
Q

Consonance: Effect

A

This heightens emotions or enhances an image in poetry

175
Q

Onomatopoeia: Definition

A

The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the things makes

176
Q

Onomatopoeia: Example

A

rustle

177
Q

Onomatopoeia: Effect

A

This is used to create particularly vivid imagery

178
Q

Internal Rhyme: Definition

A

WHen a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line

179
Q

Internal Rhyme: Example

A

“To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”

180
Q

Internal Rhyme: Effect

A

This heightens the poem’s effect and makes the poem more unified

181
Q

Slant Rhyme: Definition

A

When a poet creates a Rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly- they are merely similar

182
Q

Slant Rhyme: Example

A

“I sat upon a stone, and found my life was gone

183
Q

Slant Rhyme: Effect

A

This catches the readers by surprise and subverts their expectations

184
Q

End Rhyme: Definition

A

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme

185
Q

End Rhyme: Example

A

“Roses are, violets are blue, /Sugar is sweet, and so are you”

186
Q

End Rhyme: Effect

A

This gives poetry a musical quality

187
Q

Rhyme Scheme: Definition

A

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes

188
Q

Rhyme Scheme: Example

A

a b a b “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/ Thou art more lovely and more temperate.? Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May./ And summer’s lease Hath all too short a date.”

189
Q

Rhyme Scheme: Effect

A

This aids the memory for recitation and gives predictable pleasure

190
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Definition

A

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllable is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s)

191
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Example

A

The second syllable word “Unhappiness”

192
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables: Effect

A

This allows poets to focus readers’ attention on the meaning of their poetry

193
Q

Meter: Definition

A

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry

194
Q

Meter: Example

A

“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary”

195
Q

Meter: Effect

A

This helps the reader understand rhythm

196
Q

Free Verse: Definition

A

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme

197
Q

Free Verse: Example

A

TS Elliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

198
Q

Free Verse: Effect

A

This gives greater freedom for choosing words, and conveying their meaning to the audience

199
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Definition

A

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables

200
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Example

A

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

201
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Effect

A

This allows imitation of everyday speech in verse

202
Q

Sonnet: Definition

A

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter that’s usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet

203
Q

Sonnet: Example

A

“My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun” by William Shakespeare

204
Q

Sonnet: Effect

A

This helps strengthen close reading and analytical skills

205
Q

Polysyndeton: Definition

A

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions which is used only before the last item in a list (normally)

206
Q

Polysyndeton: Example

A

“I walked the dog, and feed the cat, and milked the cows”

207
Q

Polysyndeton: Effect

A

This slows down the pace of the writing and/or adds an authoritative tone

208
Q

Pun: Definition

A

When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way

209
Q

Pun: Example

A

“My dog has a fur coat and pants!”

210
Q

Pun: Effect

A

This is used to create comedic effect

211
Q

Rhetoric: Definition

A

The art of effective communication

212
Q

Rhetoric: Example

A

Ethos, Logos, and Pathos

213
Q

Rhetoric: Effect

A

This convinces their readers and listeners about their POV

214
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle: Definition

A

The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject

215
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle: Example

A

Author’s purpose, audience, subject

216
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle: Effect

A

This allows the speak to effectively persuade

217
Q

Rhetorical Question: Definition

A

Question not asked for information but for effect

218
Q

Rhetorical Question: Example

A

“Are you finished interrupting me?” The angry parent asked the child

219
Q

Rhetorical Question: Effect

A

Allows the reader to fill in the gap with their own mind

220
Q

Romanticism: Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature, not relying on traditional themes and or structures

221
Q

Romanticism: Example

A

The composition Hymns to the Night to the Night by Novalis

222
Q

Romanticism: Effect

A

This invited engagement with the cause of the poor and oppressed and with ideals of social emancipation and progress

223
Q

Sarcasm: Definition

A

A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded

224
Q

Sarcasm: Example

A

Struggling with the door and saying “No..” when someone asks “Do you want help?”

225
Q

Sarcasm: Effect

A

This is used to mock a given idea or position

226
Q

Satire: Definition

A

A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect it target

227
Q

Satire: Example

A

1945 novel “Animal Farm”

228
Q

Satire: Effect

A

This allows the conveying of social commentary and/or criticism

229
Q

Sentence: Definition

A

A group of words (Including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought

230
Q

Sentence: Example

A

“She took courses in history and literature”

231
Q

Sentence: Effect

A

This brings the text together as a whole and can create different effects on the reader depending on the type of sentence

232
Q

Appositive: Definition

A

A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its meaning

233
Q

Appositive: Example

A

“Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”

234
Q

Appositive: Effect

A

This is used to provide essential or additional information

235
Q

Clause: Definition

A

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb

236
Q

Clause: Example

A

“Because my cat likes when the deliveryman feeds her bread crumbs, she does not irritate the deliveryman”

237
Q

Clause: Effect

A

This establishes the relationship of ideas

238
Q

Independent Clause: Definition

A

Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone in a sentence

239
Q

Independent Clause: Example

A

“Football is my favorite sport”

240
Q

Independent Clause: Effect

A

This lets the reader know what the sentence is about

241
Q

Dependent Clause: Definition

A

Cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independnt clause

242
Q

Dependent Clause: Example

A

“Other than baseball”

243
Q

Dependent Clause: Effect

A

This affects the flow

244
Q

Balanced Sentence: Definition

A

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale. Both parts are parallel grammatically

245
Q

Balanced Sentence: Example

A

“If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

246
Q

Balanced Sentence: Effect

A

This gives rhythmical flow to the text

247
Q

Compound Sentence: Definition

A

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clause

248
Q

Compound Sentence: Example

A

“They got there early, and they got really good seats.”

249
Q

Compound Sentence: Effect

A

This makes the paragraphs more rich, colorful, and engaging

250
Q

Complex Sentence: Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

251
Q

Complex Sentence: Example

A

“Although he was wealthy, he was still unhappy.”

252
Q

Complex Sentence: Effect

A

This creates texts that are more interesting and paint a more vivid picture in the reader’s head

253
Q

Cumulative Sentence: Definition

A

When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements

254
Q

Cumulative Sentence: Example

A

“He doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration”

255
Q

Cumulative Sentence: Effect

A

This allows for a easier, straightforward, simple understanding through additional details

256
Q

Periodic Sentence: Definition

A

When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence. The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause.

257
Q

Periodic Sentence: Example

A

“His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience”

258
Q

Periodic Sentence: Effect

A

This produces dramatic tension and suspense to the pain point at the end of the sentence

259
Q

Simple Sentence: Definition

A

Contains only one independent clause

260
Q

Simple Sentence: Example

A

“I took the bus to school”

261
Q

Simple Sentence: Effect

A

This serves as communication

262
Q

Declarative Sentence: Definition

A

States an idea. It doesn’t give a command or request, nor does it ask a question.

263
Q

Declarative Sentence: Example

A

“The ball is round”

264
Q

Declarative Sentence: Effect

A

This gives information

265
Q

Imperative Sentence: Definition

A

Issues a command

266
Q

Imperative Sentence: Example

A

“Kick the ball”

267
Q

Imperative Sentence: Effect

A

This is used to portray clear, straightforward instructions and commands

268
Q

Interrogative Sentence: Definition

A

Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose)

269
Q

Interrogative Sentence: Example

A

“To whom did you kick the ball?”

270
Q

Interrogative Sentence: Effect

A

This is used to convey speech acts like questions indirectly

271
Q

Style: Definition

A

The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes (Unconscious or conscious)

272
Q

Style: Example

A

Persuasive writing

273
Q

Style: Effect

A

This allows works of all genres and topics to be shared and expressed in ways that are memorable, intriguing, different

274
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety: Definition

A

Grammatical arrangement of words

275
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety: Example

A

“The boy ran hurriedly”

276
Q

Syntax/Sentence Variety: Effect

A

This is used to achieve certain artistic effects, like mood, and tone

277
Q

Theme: Definition

A

The central idea or message of a work

278
Q

Theme: Example

A

“Power Corrupts”

279
Q

Theme: Effect

A

This plays as the essential ingredient to make a story or poem meaningful

280
Q

Thesis: Definition

A

The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinions, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear

281
Q

Thesis: Example

A

“To make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, you must procure the ingredients, find a knife, and spread the condiments”

282
Q

Thesis: Effect

A

This helps tell what a reader what the paper will explain analyze, or argue

283
Q

Tone: Definition

A

A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and organization.

284
Q

Tone: Example

A

Playful

285
Q

Tone: Effect

A

This gives shape and life to a story

286
Q

Understatement: Definition

A

The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is

287
Q

Understatement: Example

A

“Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter”

288
Q

Understatement: Effect

A

This gives an ironic effect

289
Q

Litotes: Definition

A

A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement which otherwise would be used

290
Q

Litotes: Examples

A

“Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn’t do your car any good”

291
Q

Litotes: Effects

A

This can retain the effect of understatement or become an intensifying expression

292
Q

Argument: Definition

A

A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion

293
Q

Argument: Example

A

“The internet is a good invention”

294
Q

Argument: Effect

A

This is intended to shape the outlook of readers

295
Q

Premises: Definition

A

Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion

296
Q

Premises: Example

A

“All spam is pink”

297
Q

Premise: Effect

A

This gives the feeling of a storytelling roadmap basically

298
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals: Definition

A

The goal of argumentative is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else’s (Divided into three categories ethos, pathos, and logos)

299
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals: Example

A

Ethos

300
Q

Aristotle’s Appeals: Effect

A

This helps build a stronger argument and be more persuasive in the writing

301
Q

Ethos: Definition

A

Being convinced by the credibility of the author. Convincing audience that they are someone worth listening to

302
Q

Ethos: Example

A

“As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results

303
Q

Ethos: Effect

A

This gives the author credibility

304
Q

Pathos: Definition

A

Persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions

305
Q

Pathos: Example

A

“You will never be satisfied in life if you don’t seize this opportunity”

306
Q

Pathos: Effect

A

This can establish tone or mode and cause sympathy from the audience

307
Q

Logos: Definition

A

Persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid arguments

308
Q

Logos: Example

A

“Our country has the highest income tax in the world”

309
Q

Logos: Effect

A

This allows for speakers to appeal to reader’s intellects

310
Q

Concession: Definition

A

Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint

311
Q

Concession: Example

A

A teen arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone and following that up by saying i know you think i will just use it to text doing calls and friends instead of doing homework

312
Q

Concession: Effect

A

This allows for different opinions and approaches toward an issue

313
Q

Conditional Statement: Definition

A

An if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consquent

314
Q

Conditional Statement: Example

A

“If you studied hard, then you will pass the test

315
Q

Conditional Statement: Effect

A

This helps the author/speaker be able to express things that may happen in the present and future

316
Q

Contradiction: Definition

A

A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions

317
Q

Contradiction: Example

A

“The gentle torturer”

318
Q

Contradiction: Effect

A

This allows for a detection of disingenuous beliefs and bias

319
Q

Deductive Argument: Definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion

320
Q

Deductive Argument: Example

A

“All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal”

321
Q

Deductive Argument: Effect

A

This allows the writing and speaking clear, rhetorical, and effective

322
Q

Fallacy: Definition

A

An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning

323
Q

Fallacy: Example

A

Ad Hominem

324
Q

Fallacy: Effect

A

This illustrates the inner mental workings of a character

325
Q

Ad Hominem: Definition

A

Personally attacking your opponents instead of their arguments

326
Q

Ad Hominem: Example

A

A politician arguing that his opponent cannot possibly be a good choice for women because he has a religious conviction that causes him to be pro-life

327
Q

Ad Hominem: Effect

A

This allows writers to emphasize outside factors influencing the arguer

328
Q

Appeal to Authority: Definition

A

The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be right

329
Q

Appeal to Authority: Example

A

A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereal is best way to start the day because athlete michael jordan says that it is what he eats everyday for breakfast

330
Q

Appeal to Authority: Effect

A

This allows the use of credibility instead of evidence

331
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon: Definition

A

The claim, as evidence for n idea, that many people believe it, or used to believe it, or it

332
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon: Example

A

“The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it,the ducks quacked it”

333
Q

Appeal to the Bandwagon: Effect

A

This allows the majority to agree with the argument of the writer

334
Q

Appeal to emotion: Definition

A

An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s emotions

335
Q

Appeal to emotion: Example

A

Grocery store commercial that shows a happy family sitting around the table at thanksgiving

336
Q

Appeal to emotion: Effect

A

This allows the author to sway the emotions of the audience to make them support the speaker’s audience

337
Q

Bad Analogy: Definition

A

Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t

338
Q

Bad Analog: Example

A

“We have pure food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can’t we have laws to keep musicians from giving us filth for the mind’

339
Q

Bad Analogy: Effect

A

This doesn’t make the complex process or idea easier to understand

340
Q

Cliche Thinking: Definition

A

Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it’s proven, or as if it has no exceptions”

341
Q

Cliche Thinking: Example

A

“I say: ‘American: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”

342
Q

Cliche Thinking: Effect

A

This can weaken dramatic effect and can be tedious, tiresome, and even annoying

343
Q

False Cause: Definition

A

Assuming that because two things happened, the first one cause the second

344
Q

False Cause: Example

A

“Before women got the vote, there were no nuclear weapons. Therefore women’s suffrage must have led to nuclear weapons”

345
Q

False Clause: Effect

A

This could cause independablicay from the authors by the reader

346
Q

Hasty Generalization: Definition

A

A generalization based on two little or unrepresentative data

347
Q

Hasty Generalization: Example

A

“My uncle didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as well as those who do.”

348
Q

Hasty Generalization: Effect

A

This can cause misinformation and the manifestations of stereotypes

349
Q

Non Sequitur: Definition

A

A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid arguement

350
Q

Non Sequitur: Example

A

“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest religions. HInduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the principles of Hinduism must be true.”

351
Q

Non Sequitur: Effect

A

This heightens comedic elements of literary work, especially theatrical plays, humorous writing

352
Q

Slippery Slope: Definition

A

The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme possible outcome

353
Q

Slippery Slope: Example

A

“If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”

354
Q

Slippery Slope: Effect

A

This can either bring positivity and encouragement or negativity and discouragement

355
Q

Inductive Argument: Definition

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion

356
Q

Inductive Argument: Example

A

“A third marble from the bag is black. Therefore all the marbles in the bag are black”

357
Q

Inductive Argument: Effect

A

This allows for a relationship to be drawn between facts for which they have evidence and a conclusion

358
Q

Sound Argument: Definition

A

A deductive argument is sad to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true

359
Q

Sound Argument: Example

A

“All whales are mammals. A killer whale is a whale. Therefore, a killer whale is a mammal.”

360
Q

Sound Argument: Effect

A

This allows an establishment of conclusive support for a conclusion

361
Q

Unstated Premises: Definition

A

Not every argument is fully expressed sometimes premises or even conclusions are left unexpressed.

362
Q

Unstated Premises: Example

A

If one argues that rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated that Rover is a dog

363
Q

Unstated Premises: Effect

A

This can have possible problematic effects

364
Q

Valid Argument: Definition

A

An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises

365
Q

Valid Argument: Example

A

“Either Elizabeth owns a Honda or she owns a Saturn. Elizabeth does not own a Honda. Therefore, Elizabeth owns a Saturn”

366
Q

Valid Argument: Effect

A

This allows for a guaranteed truth of the conclusion

Ap Language (1 decks)

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