Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Devlin Eggs Final Xtreme > Literally Everything We Got > Flashcards

Literally Everything We Got Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Palmer/Sherman Lateral Cervical view determine for C1 Atlas?

A

Superiority (AS) vs inferiority (AI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hopefully you know already, but what does the “A” stand for in Palmer/Sherman?

A

ATLAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Palmer/Sherman Lateral Cervical view determine for C2-C7?

A

Posteriority and inferiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What will the first letter be of every lower cervical listing in the Palmer/Sherman (P/S) system?

A

“P”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who was the chiro who said “palpation could be in error”, “judgment could be false”, “spinous processes could be bent”, etc?

A

E.A. Thompson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does exostosis mean?

A

Extra bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the seven (7) key anatomical structures for the P/S Lat. Cerv?

A
  1. Hard palate
  2. Atlantodental Interspace (ADI)
  3. A-O joint space
  4. Anterior condyle connection (ACC)
  5. Posterior condyle connection (PCC)
  6. Thinnest part of C1’s post. arch
  7. Center of C1 ant. tubercle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

For a P/S lat. cerv view, the hard palate should be __________ to top and bottom of film.

A

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why would the hard palate not be parallel with the top and bottom of the film?

A

A possible flex/ext patient positioning error was made during the image capture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What determines atlas superiority in P/S lat. cerv?

A
  1. Atlas points above hard palate (NORMAL MEANS ATLAS PLANE LINE IS 2mm ABOVE HARD PALATE) *
  2. Post. tubercle of C1 approximates SP of C2
  3. A-O joint is open to the posterior
  4. ADI looks like this: Ʌ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What determines atlas inferiority in P/S lat. cerv?

A
  1. Atlas points at either the back of the hard palate or below it *
  2. Post. tubercle of C1 approximates occiput
  3. A-O joint is closed to the posterior
  4. ADI looks like this: V
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two most credible visual criteria for C1 superiority/inferiority on P/S lat. cerv?

A

Superiority: Atlas points above hard palate
Inferiority: Atlas points at either the back of the hard palate or below it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does line analysis of a P/S lat. cerv determine?

A

Normal superiority, Abnormal superiority, or Inferiority of C1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

First step in line analysis of a P/S lat. cerv?

A

Mark your key analysis structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Second step of a P/S lat. cerv is to draw the analysis lines. What are their names?

A
  1. Skull Line (SL): marks ACC and PCC
  2. Atlas Line (AL): marks post. arch and ant. tubercle of C1
  3. Listing Line (LL): duplicated SL over top the AL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Third step is to measure the angle between the AL and LL. What is considered “normal” C1 superiority?

A

4 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the AL/LL angle measurement signify for superiority or inferiority?

A

IF (<4º) (less than four degrees) above LL, 𝙞𝙣𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙮.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is abnormal superiority calculated on the area study form?

A

(Abnormal Superiority angle) - 4º = X degrees of C1 abnormal superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is inferiority calculated on the area study form?

A

(Inferiority angle) + 4º = X degrees of C1 inferiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the lower cervical visual criteria for P/S lat. cerv?

A
  1. Segment’s posterior body line (George’s Line) is post. compared to the posterior body line of the subjacent segment
  2. Segment’s SP approximates the SP of the subjacent segment
  3. Segment’s inferior aspect of facet is wedged closed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s another name for the posterior body line?

A

GEORGE’S LINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the most credible visual criteria for lower cervical post/inf on P/S lat. cerv?

A

The posteriority of the segment’s George’s line compared to the subjacent segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which George’s Line measurements will be recorded on the area study form?

A

Segments measuring greater or equal to 1.00mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: You don’t always have to compare the segment above to the one below.

A

FALSE! ALWAYS!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which segments get further analysis on the APOM view?
Those segments that were listed
26
BONUS: What can we visit the Rad Lab for?
1. Analysis practice 2. Analysis verification 3. Analysis tutoring 4. X-ray Study Form assistance and request form guidance Who knows what he's gonna ask on the final
27
The P/S Nasium view is the view of choice to determine what?
1. C1 side of laterality 2. C2 final listing
28
T/F: C1 rotation cannot be assessed on P/S Nasium view.
FALSE! It can, but BP view is best for determining C1 rotation.
29
What are P/S Nasium's six (6) key anatomical structures?
1. Left medial inf. tip of condyle 2. Right medial inf. tip of condyle 3. Left intersection of post. arch and lateral aspect of left lat. mass 4. Right intersection of post. arch and lateral aspect of left lat. mass 5. Center of base of dens of C2 6. Superior aspect of SP of C2
30
When finding C1 laterality, what are we comparing C1 to?
Occiput
31
What are the visual findings on the side of C1 laterality when comparing to occiput?
1. 𝗔-𝗢 𝗷𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗶𝘀 "𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿" ⬅️ bold means most credible criteria 2. A-O joint is wedged closed at most lat. aspect 3. Lat. mass of C1 overlaps occ. condyle
32
What are the visual findings on the side of C1 laterality when comparing to C2?
1. A-A joint wedged open at lat. aspect 2. Inter-odontoid space is wider 3. Lat. inf. corner of C1 lat. mass overlaps sup. articular surface of C2
33
What should we always check for within the condyles on P/S Nasium?
SHORT CONDYLE! The condyles should be on the same horizontal plane.
34
What does it mean if patient has no head tilt and one condyle is higher than the other?
Patient could have a SHORT CONDYLE
35
T/F: SHORT CONDYLE will not skew findings.
FALSE! It absolutely will.
36
If the patient has visible head tilt, determine _______ and ________ of head tilt.
side (right or left) ; severity (slight, moderate, or severe)
37
What are the names of the lines on P/S Nasium in descending order?
1. Superior Base Line (SBL): top of ocular orbit 2. Inferior Base Line (IBL): top of Foramen Magnum (FM) 3. Superior Wedge Line (SWL): thru left and right med. inf. tips of condyles 4. Inferior Wedge Line/Atlas Line (IWL/AL): thru lat. intersections of post. arch and lat. masses 5. Medial Line (ML): superimposed over IBL and thru the center of FM
38
How is the center of the FM placed?
Using the SWL points
39
Horizontal Orthogonal Angle must superimpose ____ and vertical line must pass through the _____________ .
IBL; center of FM
40
What determines side of C1 laterality after plotting the lines?
Side of closing wedge is the side of laterality
41
What determines side of C1 laterality after taking the Medial Line measurements?
Side of greater measurement is the side of laterality
42
When looking at Nasium for C1 rotation, what are our visual criteria for ant. rotation?
1. 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝟭 𝗹𝗮𝘁. 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿 ⬅️ bold means most credible criteria 2. Lat. inf. tip of C1 lat. mass appears smaller 3. Lat. mass of C1 appears larger
43
When looking at Nasium for C1 rotation, what are our visual criteria for post. rotation?
1. 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗶𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝟭 𝗹𝗮𝘁. 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿 ⬅️ bold means most credible criteria 2. Lat. inf. tip of C1 lat. mass appears larger 3. Lat. mass of C1 appears smaller
44
________ is the best view to visualize internal margins.
APOM
45
What does a greater left or right internal margin measurement indicate on P/S Nasium?
Side of C1 anterior rotation
46
Always list C1 rotation on side of C1 __________.
laterality
47
47. SWL and IWL/AL converge on the side of C1 laterality ______ of the time. A. 60% B. 30% C. 90% D. 70%
D. 70%
48
Why wouldn't SWL and IWL/AL converge on the side of C1 laterality all the time?
1. Poor patient positioning 2. SHORT CONDYLE 3. Incorrect placement of analysis points
49
T/F: To palpate and depend on its accuracy is obviously the correct way for the Chiropractor to proceed.
FALSE! That's the INCORRECT way to proceed.
50
________ is the best view to determine C1 rotation.
BP
51
T/F: C1 laterality can be assessed on BP BUT Nasium is the view of choice for determining this component of the misalignment
TRUE
52
How did the title "Hole in One" come about concerning C1/C2?
Atlas is the "hole" Axis's dens is the "one" "The only 'one' odontoid in the 'hole'- hole in one/whole in one"
53
What are the four (4) key anatomical structures for P/S BP?
1. Left Duff's V 2. Right Duff's V 3. Left C1 transverse foramen 4. Right C1 transverse foramen
54
What points are "analogs" between BP and Nasium?
1. Duff's Vs = Medial inf. tips of condyles (MITs) 2. C1 transverse foramen = C1 intersection of post. arch/lat. masses
55
How is C1 rotation determined on BP?
1. 𝗖𝟭 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝗳𝗳’𝘀 𝗩 𝗼𝗻 𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻𝘁. 𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 ⬅️ bold means most credible criteria 2. C1 ant. tubercle rotates toward side of C1 post. rotation 3. C1 post. tubercle rotates toward side of C1 ant. rotation
56
How is C1 laterality determined on BP?
Side with greater distance between transverse foramen and foramen magnum is the side of C1 laterality
57
___________ is view of choice for C1 laterality
Nasium
58
What are the names of Nasium lines in descending order?
1. Superior Base Line (SBL): thru ocular orbits 2. Inferior Base Line (IBL): at basilar occiput 3. V Line: thru Duff's Vs 4. Inferior Wedge Line/Atlas Line (IWL/AL): thru transverse foramen 5. Median Line (ML): superimpose IBL and thru center of FM
59
When comparing IWL/AL to V Line, which side is the side of C1 post. rotation?
Side of opening wedge
60
When comparing IWL/AL to V Line, which side is the side of C1 ant. rotation?
Side of closing wedge
61
On BP, where is the center of FM plotted?
On top of the Duff's V points
62
When measuring from ML to the transverse foramen points, which side is the side of C1 laterality?
Side of greater measurement
63
C1 rotation is measured on the side of C1 laterality (side of greater measurement). What are the possible values to get?
1. 90º measurement = no C1 rotation 2. Greater than 90º (>90º) = C1 post. rotation 3. Less than 90º (<90º) = C1 ant. rotation
64
Gonstead time! What does a Gonstead Lat. Cerv determine?
1. AS or PS occiput 2. AS or AI atlas 3. C2-C7 posteriority and inferiority
65
What does "A" stand for in the Gonstead system?
ANTERIOR
66
Dr. Herbst said, "If favorable changes do not immediately follow the adjustment, then the doctor hasn't chosen the most _______________."
direct route
67
What are the six (6) key analysis structures of Gon Lat. Cerv?
1. Meeting of occiput and squama 2. Posterior Condyle Connection (PCC) 3. Center of post. arch near post. tubercle 4. Center of ant. tubercle 5. Superior tip of odontoid 6. Center of base of odontoid
68
What are the names of the analysis lines of Gon Lat. Cerv in descending order?
1. Foramen Magnum Line (FML) <- lol 2. A-P Atlas Plane Line (APL): thru post. arch and ant. tubercle 3. Odontoid Line (OL): from tip of odontoid to center of base 4. Odontoid Perpendicular Line (OPL): from center of base to edge of film
69
When comparing FML to A-P APL, what do the lines' positioning signify?
1. If 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗹, no misalignment of occiput 2. If lines 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿, PS occiput (think "CAPS" for Converge Anterior, Posterior Superior) 3. If lines 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿, AS occiput (think "ASCP" for Anterior Superior Converges Posterior)
70
When comparing A-P APL to OPL, what do the lines' positioning signify?
1. If 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗹, no misalignment of C1 2. If lines 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿, AI C1 (think "ACAI" for Anterior Convergence, Anterior Inferior) 3. If lines 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿, AS C1 (think "DAAS" for Diverge Anterior, Anterior Superior)
71
Numbering lower cervicals on Gon Lat. Cerv goes from ___ to ___.
C2 to T1
72
Make sure your A-P wedge lines are ____ superior into vertebral body and ________________.
1/4" superior; out of the disc space
73
How does one determine post/inf of C2-C7 on Gon Lat. Cerv?
Compare the A-P Wedge Line of the segment above to the one below!
74
Where are circles placed on lower cervical A-P wedge lines?
Anywhere there is an intersection of two consecutive lines before the edge of the digital plate
75
What does the Gonstead APOM view best determine?
1. Occiput laterality (ALWAYS present on PS listings but not always present on AS listings) 2. Occiput rotation on side of laterality 3. C1 laterality 4. C1 rotation on side of laterality 5. C2-C7 side of spinous rotation 6. C2-C7 disc wedging on side of SP rotation
76
What are the dimensions of a full spine film?
14"x36"
77
What does an A-P Film capture?
Single exposure from ischia to occiput (ensures accurate segment count)
78
What's a Lateral Film?
It's a composite of two 14"x18" exposures on a single sheet of film
79
Why do we even use these useless things called x-rays?
1. Evaluate if a patient is eligible for chiro care (example: acute trauma) 2. Uncover contraindications to chiro care (example: intersegmental instability) 3. Discover info that will alter the type, frequency, or force of the adj. thrust (example: osteoporosis) 4. Characterize specific lines of drive like "C2 PLI-L" 5. Provide a teaching tool for patient education
80
What are the five (5) key anatomical structures of Gon APOM?
1. Left mastoid notch 2. Right mastoid notch 3. Left inf. TP/lat. mass junction 4. Right inf. TP/lat. mass junction 5. Inferior end plate
81
What are our other two options if the inferior endplate isn't visible?
A. Uppermost borders of arches on either side of vertebral body B. Small white opacities just above arches
82
What are the names of the UC analysis lines of Gon APOM in descending order?
1. Transverse Condyle Line (TCL): thru mastoid notches 2. Transverse Atlas Plane Line (TAPL): thru junctions 3. Axis Plane Line (APL): thru inferior end plate or other two options
83
When interpreting the UC analysis lines, what does comparing the TCL to TAPL show?
Side of opening wedge = side of occiput laterality
84
When interpreting the UC analysis lines, what does comparing the TAPL to APL show?
Side of opening wedge = side of C1 laterality
85
Analyzing the C1 lateral masses tells us what info?
Segmental rotation
86
What does a wider lat. mass tell us about C1's rotation?
Wider lat. mass = side of C1 anterior rotation This means an increased size of that side's internal margin
87
What does a narrower lat. mass tell us about C1's rotation?
Narrower lat. mass = side of C1 posterior rotation This means an decreased size of that side's internal margin
88
Occiput rotation is ___________ of C1 rotation when comparing on the same side.
opposite
89
Where are AS and PS occiput determined?
Gon Lat. Cerv view
90
What does visual analysis of lower cervicals in Gon APOM determine?
Segmental rotation and disc wedging
91
How do we know which lower cervical segments to analyze on Gon APOM?
On Gonstead Lat. Cerv A-P wedge line analysis, whichever segments were posterior and inferior will be analyzed
92
How is lower cervical rotation determined?
Assessing SP position in relation to the center of the vertebral body
93
How is disc wedging analyzed on Gon APOM?
Visually of course.
94
What's the most reliable reference point on the segment?
Laminae junction
95
Which side is the side of SP rotation?
Whichever side has decreased distance from the laminae junction to the lat. edge of the vert. body
96
Why are tips of uncinate processes the less reliable reference?
They are often osteophytic
97
The leading edge of the Gonstead ruler should be aligned with the ______________ on Gon APOM lower cervicals.
A-P Wedge Line
98
To determine the side of SP rotation, measurements are taken from the center of the Gonstead ruler to the lat. edges of the vertebral body. What does the smaller measured distance indicate?
Side of SP rotation
99
When is it necessary to include a dash ("-") in your lower cervical listing?
When the disc wedge is closed on the side of SP rotation Note: your adjusting contact will be the lamina on the side opposite SP rotation

Devlin Eggs Final Xtreme (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions