Literacy Theorists

Question 1

Describe Baker and Freebody 1989 (2)

Answer 1

1. Writing takes up physical space moving from top to bottom and left to right
2. Writing is repeatable, permanent and non-interactive

Question 2

How many written words are understood in Chall 1983 stage 1?

Answer 2

600

Question 3

What age range is Chall 1983 stage 1?

Answer 3

6-7

Question 4

How many written words are understood in Chall 1983 stage 2?

Answer 4

4000

Question 5

What age range is Chall 1983 stage 2?

Answer 5

7-8

Question 6

Name the 4 stages of Kroll 1981

Answer 6

1. Preparatory stage
2. Consolidation stage
3. Differentiation stage
4. Integration stage

Question 7

What age is Kroll 1981 stage 1?

Answer 7

Age 6

Question 8

Describe the preparatory stage

Answer 8

Masters physical skills and spelling system basics

Question 9

What age is Kroll 1981 stage 2?

Answer 9

6-8

Question 10

Describe Kroll 1981 consolidation stage

Answer 10

Children write as they speak

Question 11

Name 6 things you are likely to find in the consolidation stage

Answer 11

1. Short declarative
2. Grammatically incomplete
3. Longer sentences linked with simple conjunctions
4. Hypotaxis: conjunctions join clauses
5. Child struggles to end a sentence
6. Lack of punctuation

Question 12

What age is Kroll 1981 stage 3

Answer 12

8-mid teens

Question 13

Describe Kroll 1981 differentiation stage (3)

Answer 13

1. Increase in confidence
2. Complex sentences
3. Style suited to an audience

Question 14

Name the 3 stages according to Peccei

Answer 14

1. Precommunicative stage
2. Phonological segmentation stage
3. Silent ‘e’ or ‘ed’ endings

Question 15

Describe Graves 1979 (3)

Answer 15

1. Youngest writers do not re-read
2. Small revisions by rubbing out
3. Work changes when crossing out

Question 16

Birnbaum 1981

Answer 16

Older and more able writers are more willing to make mistakes but less proficient writers prefer to make a neat copy

Question 17

Perl 1979

Answer 17

Children read what they intend to write

Question 18

Britton et al 1975

Answer 18

Transactional and poetic writing

Question 19

King and Rentel 1981

Answer 19

Use of connectives increases fourfold between ages 6-8

Question 20

McCabe 1997

Answer 20

Leapfrog narrative - events may be in a jumbled order and some may be missed out, especially if they show the child in a bad light

Question 21

Define substitution

Answer 21

Swapping letters

Question 22

Define omission

Answer 22

Unstressed sounds are missed

Question 23

Define insertion

Answer 23

Spurious letter added

Question 24

Define transposition

Answer 24

The letter is the wrong way around

Question 25

Define grapheme cluster substitution

Answer 25

A combination of letters are swapped for a different set of letters

Question 26

Read

Answer 26

Children’s spellings are creative as they notice distinctions adults who are experienced writers do not

Question 27

Ferreiro

Answer 27

Children believe words should have different letters hence why you often see double letters missed out

Question 28

Biancardi

Answer 28

The bigger the object the bigger the word should be

Question 29

Seidenberg

Answer 29

Pattern finding is all part of finding connections between words

Question 30

Treiman

Answer 30

Children’s names may have an impact on orthography as the child may use a capital letter where there is no need as they are told their name needs one

Question 31

Alan Maley

Answer 31

Creative writing promotes playful engagement with language allowing children to test the bounds of writing in a supportive environment

Question 32

Craik and Lockhart

Answer 32

Creative writing requires ‘semantic processing’ indicating an act of ‘deep processing’ whereas accuracy is more about ‘structural’ and ‘phonemic’ processing which indicates ‘shallow processing’

Question 33

Dornyei

Answer 33

Creative writing can: offer rest bite, experience success, motivate students and increase autonomy

Question 34

Crystal

Answer 34

Writing can be seen as a prison and so playing with language in a creative way may be the key to opening success

Question 35

Goouch and Lambirth

Answer 35

There is a negative impact on a child’s self-esteem if their writing is wrong

Question 36

Karmiloff-Smith

Answer 36

The social aspects of writing come first

Question 37

Heckman

Answer 37

We live in an ‘audit culture’ measuring learning and accuracy is more important

Question 38

Rickford

Answer 38

There is a necessity of having rules and so creative writing should be done with rules in place. A word may be mis-spelt due to how a child/caregiver phonologically pronounces a word

Question 39

Torrance

Answer 39

Teachers enhance creativity through judging their level of accuracy - correcting them leads to better writing

Question 40

Name 5 arguments for creativity

Answer 40

1. Creativity allows uniqueness and individuality
2. It allows children to reflect upon their own experiences
3. No such thing as being ‘wrong’ in creative writing
4. Creativity cannot be measured
5. Can you ‘learn’ to be creative or is it more natural

Question 41

Name 4 arguments for accuracy

Answer 41

1. Accuracy can be measured
2. Specific advice and feedback can aid the development
3. Accuracy marks out superior members of groups enabling them to maximize success
4. Accurate work often makes a better, more enjoyable read