Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chest > List To Memorise > Flashcards

List To Memorise Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheal / Bronchial Narrowing Mass or Occlusion - Different Levels

A

(A) Subglottic stenosis

  1. Post-intubation
  2. Wegener’s Granulomatosis
  3. Rhinoscleroma
(B) Diffuse thickening
1. Acute infection
2. Amyloidosis 
3. Wegener’s granulomatosis 
4. Sarcoidosis 
5. IBD
Relapsing polychondritis 
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
Focal thickening:
1. Tumour 
2. Post-infective (TB, histoplasmosis)
3. Tracheobronchial papillomatosis 
Wegner’s
Amyloid

Others:

  1. Foreign body
  2. Carcinoid
  3. Lung cancer
  4. Bronchial atresia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tracheal / Bronchial Narrowing

A

(A) Intraluminal

  1. Mucus plug
  2. Foreign body (air trapping > atelectasis)
  3. Broncholithiasis (calcified LN eroding into adjacent bronchus)
  4. Misplaced ETT

(B) Luminal

  1. Tracheal/bronchial tumours (SCC > Carcinoid > Adenoid cystic carcinoma. Met, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, endobronchial harmatoma, tracheobronchial papillomatosis.)
  2. Inflammation/Infiltration/Fibrosis (Wegener, TB/Fungal, amyloidosis - does not spare posterior wall, relapsing polychondritis, TO, sarcoidosis, IBD - UC > Crohn’s)
  3. Bronchial atresia (most common apicoposterior segment of LUL + hyperlucent lung)
  4. Tracheobronchomalacia (dynamic airway collapse)
  5. Tracheobronchial injury (smooth stenosis)
  6. Congenital tracheal stenosis (complete cartilage rings)

(C) Extra-luminal

  1. Lymphadenopathy
  2. Mediastinal mass (smooth, eccentric)
  3. Fibrosing mediastinitis (due to histoplasmosis, radiotherapy, autoimmune disease)
  4. Enlarged LA/PA (Eisenmenger’s syndrome, absent pulm valve)
  5. AA (indents left sided trachea)
  6. Left pulm artery sling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bronchiectasis
(Tram track or signet ring signs)
Ancillary signs: volume loss, mucus plugging/tree-in-bud, mosaic attenuation

A

(A) Upper zone predominant

  1. Cystic fibrosis
  2. Post TB
  3. Sarcoidosis

(B) Middle zone predominant

  1. ABPA (Immunological, asthmatic patient, focal , mucous filled)
  2. Mycobacterium avium complex infection (older women, Lady Windermere syndrome)

(C) Lower zone predominant

  1. Post infection (chronic aspiration, influenza, immunodeficiency)
  2. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (basal predominant panlocular emphysema)
  3. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (50% have situs abnormalities, classic triad of Kartagener syndrome)
  4. Obliterative bronchiolitis (mosaic attenuation due to air trapping)

Others:

  1. Traction bronchiectasis from fibrosis
  2. Secondary to bronchial obstruction
  3. Congenital: Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, Williams-Campbell syndrome
  4. Idiopathic
  5. Sawyer-James syndrome (childhood infection)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax

Decreased vessel on one side

A

(A) Chest Wall

  1. Mastectomy (absent breast & pec muscle shadow)
  2. Poliomyelitis (atrophy pettorali muscle, shoulder girdle, humerus)
  3. Poland syndrome (unilateral absence pectoral muscle +/- rib defect, seen in 10% of syndactyly)

(B) Pleura
1. Pneumothorax

(C) Lung

  1. Airway obstruction (contralateral mediastinal shift)
  2. Compensatory hyperexpansion (eg: following lobectomy)
  3. Unilateral bullae (vessel absent)
  4. Congenital lobar overinflation (LU > RM > RUL). Ipsilateral lobes are compressed +/- contralateral mediastinal shift.
  5. Swyer-James syndrome (normal or reduced lung V with airtrapping on expiration. Ipsilateral vessels are small)

(D) Pulmonary vessels
1. Main or lobar PE (Westermark sign, dilated proximal pulm artery, ipsilateral loss of V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bilateral Hypertransradiant hemithoraces

A

(A) normal or small lungs

  1. B/L anterior pneumothoraces
  2. Pulmonary oligaemia (secondary to cyanotic heart disease)

(B) over expanded lungs

  1. Emphysema (centrilobular = more on upper/mid zone, panlobular = lower zones)
  2. Asthma (airway remodelling)
  3. Acute bronchiolitis (in infants, due to small airway obstruction +/- bronchial wall thickening)
  4. Tracheal, laryngeal, B/L bronchial stenoses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Increased density in one hemithorax

A

(A) Undisplaced mediastinum

  1. Consolidation
  2. Pleural effusion (supine CXR +/- apical ‘cap’ fluid) *pulm vessel will be visible through the increased density (vs consolidation)
  3. Malignant pleural mesothelioma

(B) Mediastinal displacement away from dense hemithorax

  1. Very large pleural effusion
  2. Very large intrathoracic tumour (solitary fibrous tumour of pleura, Ewing sarcoma of chest wall)
  3. Diaphragmatic hernia

(C) Mediastinal displacement towards dense hemithorax

  1. Lung collapse
  2. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa: (linear & nodular opacities + septal lines +/- ipsilateral hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy). B/L symmetrical infiltration vs unilateral in lung CA.
  3. Pulmonary agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia: absent or hypoplastic pulmonary artery
  4. Malignant pleural mesothelioma
  5. Post pneumonectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Air-space opacification / consolidation

Obscuring vessel/bronchial walls +/- air bronchogram

A
  1. Oedema
  2. Infection
  3. Haemorrhage: Goodpasture’s syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, microscopic polyangiitis, SLE, Behçet’s disease, contusion, infarct
  4. Organising pneumonia (infection, drug toxicity, connective tissue disease)
  5. Malignancy (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma)
  6. Sarcoidosis: 20% can have airspace pattern
  7. Lipoid pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-resolving / Recurrent Consolidation

A
  1. Bronchial obstruction
  2. Malignancy
  3. Recurrent aspiration
  4. Organising pneumonia
  5. Sarcoidosis
  6. Vasculitis: Wegener’s, Churg-Strauss
  7. Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy
  8. Preexisting lung pathology eg: bronchiectasis
  9. Impaired immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Migratory consolidation

A
  1. Eosinophilic pneumonia (simple or chronic - peripheral upper zone distribution)
  2. Organising pneumonia (predominantly mid-lower zones)
  3. Recurrent aspiration
  4. Pulmonary haemorrhage/infarct/vasculitis
  5. Alveolar proteinosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Consolidation with an enlarged hilum

A

(A) Primary pneumonia

  1. Primary TB
  2. Mycoplasma pneumonia (lymphadenopathy rare in adult but common in children)
  3. Primary histoplasmosis (LN calcified post healing)
  4. Viral pneumonia
  5. Coccidiodomycosis

(B) Secondary pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pneumonia involving all or part of one lobe

A
  1. Klebsiella: multilobar, risk of cavitation or lobar enlargement
  2. Staphylococcal pneumonia: 40-60% of whom develop pneumatocoele, parapneumonic effusion, empyema, pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula
  3. Strep: most common. Usually unilocular
  4. TB: anterior segment of upper lobe, medial segment of middle lobe
  5. Strep pyogenic: affects lower lobes, pleural effusion, empyema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consolidation with bulging of fissure

A
  1. Infection with abscess: kleb, strep, mycobaterium, Yersinia
  2. Abscess: Staph, Kleb, gra -ve organism
  3. Lung cancer: adenocarcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unilateral pulmonary oedema

A

(A) Ipsilateral to underlying abnormality
1. Unilateral aspiration
2. Pulmonary contusion
3. Mitral regurgitation (jet flew into right upper pulmonary vein, causes RUL oedema)
4. Bronchial obstruction
5. large systemic artery to pulmonary artery shunts
Others: prolonged lateral decubitus position, rapid lung reexpansion post thoracocentesis, repercussion injury postpulmonary vascular surgery/stent

(B) Contralateral to underlying abnormality (typically a perfusion defect)

  1. Congenital absence/hypoplasia of a pulmonary artery
  2. Thromboembolism
  3. Unilateral emphysema
  4. Lobectomy
  5. Pleural disease
  6. Sawyer-James syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Septal Kerley B lines

-any disease involving pulmonary vein, Lymphatics and interstitium

A

(A) Pulmonary venous hypertension/engorgement
-mitral stenosis, pulmonary vein stenosis

(B) Lymphatics/interstitial infiltrates

  1. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa (nodular interlobular septal thickening)
  2. Interstitial lung disease
  3. Sarcoidosis (nodular)
  4. Pneumoconioses (widespread nodularities)
  5. Alveolar proteinosis (smooth thickening + geographic areas of GGO - crazy-paving pattern)
  6. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
  7. Amyloidosis
  8. Congenital lymphangiectasia: abnormal dilatation of lymphatic channels without increase in their number (vs lymphangiomatosis)

Others: idiopathic bronchiectasis, recurrent diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage, diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, lysosomal storage disease, alveolar microlithiasis, Erdeim-Chester disease (infiltrated by non-Langerhans type histiocytes in mid/upper zone, associated with GGP, centrilobular nodules, chylous pleural effusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Multiple lung nodules (=<3cm)

A

(A) Multiple micronodules < 2mm

  1. Soft tissue or GG attenuation: military TB, fungal infection, Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, Berylliosis
  2. Greater than soft tissue density: silicosis (sparing of bases & spices), post varicella infection (multiple tiny calcific nodules, haemosiderosis (due to chronic raised venous pressure, repeated haemorrhag), siderosis, stannosis, barytosis, post lymphangiography, limestone & marble worker, alveolar microlithiasis

(B) Multiple nodules 2-5 mm

  1. Soft tissue/GG: disseminated CA, subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (centrilobular nodules, GGO, lobular air trapping +/- scattered thin-walled cyst), respiratory bronchiolitis (linked to smoking +/- thickened interlobular septa, limited emphysema), sarcoidosis, lymphoma
  2. Tend to confluence/varying in appearance over hours/days: multifocal pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, diffuse pulm haemorrhage

(C) Multiple nodules greater than 5mm

  1. Neoplastic: Met, Kaposi sarcoma, benign met eg: uterine leiomyoma, pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland, giant cell tumour of bone, chondroblastoma, meningioma)
  2. Infection: abscess, hydatid (right side lower zone, may rupture), histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis (upper lobes)
  3. Immunological: wegener’s granulomatosis, rheumatoid nodule (peripheral, lower zones) , progressive massive fibrosis (large conglomerate masses in mid-upper zones symmetrical, start peripheral & migrate centrally over years), Organising pneumonia, Amyloidosis, Hyalinising granuloma

(D): Vascular
-AV malformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Solitary pulmonary nodule or mass like lesion

A

(A) Granulomatous

  1. Tuberculoma: UL, R>L
  2. Histoplasmoma: LL, central calcification
  3. Coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis

(B) Malignant

  1. Lung CA
  2. Solitary met
  3. Rare lung tumour: pleuropulmonary blastoma, pleural/pulm sarcoma, plasmacytoma, atypical carcinoid

(C) Benign

  1. Carcinoid (more central, malignant potential to small call carcinoma)
  2. Hamartoma (90% pulmonary, <2 cm from pleura, lobulated, fat-containing, popcorn calcification

(D) Infectious/Inflammatory

  1. Pneumonia
  2. Rounded atelectasis (sequela of exudative pleural effusion, with adjacent pleural thickening & parenchyma bands/comet-tail appearance)
  3. Hydatid
  4. Wegener’s granulomatosis
  5. Sarcoidosis
  6. Organising pneumonia

(E) Congenital

  1. Intrapulmonary LN, small peripheral, mid/lower zones, triangular in shape theatre to pleural surface
  2. Sequestration: LL, L>R, contiguous with diaphragm, intralobular or extralobular (separate pleural covering, venous drainage into systemic veins)
  3. Bronchogenic cyst: mediastinal/hilar, occasionally pulmonary

(F) Vascular

  1. Haematoma
  2. AVM
17
Q

Apical mass

A
  1. Pancoast tumour
  2. Apical scarring/fibrosis
  3. Met
  4. Pleural/chest wall tumour: mesothelioma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, myeloma, lymphoma, neurogenic tumour
  5. Tortuous/aneurysmal subclavian artery: R>L, merge w mediastinum medially, well-defined inferolateral margin
  6. Meningocoele
  7. Mycetoma in a pre-existing apical cavity (air crescent sign)
  8. Plombage
18
Q

Pulmonary cavities

A

(A) Infective: staph aureus, Klebsilla, TB, septic emboli, aspiration, infection of a preexisting lung abnormality (bulla, sequestration, bronchogenic cyst), others (nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, hydatid, amoebiasis)

(B) Neoplastic: lung CA (SCC), met, tracheobronchial papillomatosis, lymphoma

(C) Vascular: infarction w secondary infection (apical/posterior segments of upper lobe, or apical segment of lower lobe)

(D) Inflammatory: Wegener’s, rheumatoid nodule, progressive massive fibrosis, sarcoidosis

(E) Traumatic: haematoma, traumatic lung cyst

19
Q

Cystic lung disease

-lucency with thine wall <2mm

A
  1. Post infective (can appear during first 2 weeks of infection, resolve after several months): bacterial, hydatid, pneumocystis jirovecii (upper zones)
  2. Post traumatic eg: laceration
  3. Congenital: CPAM, bronchogenic cyst (communicating with bronchial tree)
  4. Neoplastic: post met tx, cystic lung met (colonic adenocarcinoma, epithelial sarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma)
  5. Diffuse lung disease:
    - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (mid-upper zone, non-circular, nodules > cavitate)
    - Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) (women of child bearing age, uniform in size)
    - Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) (basal predominant, ill-defined centrilobular nodules, GGO, +/- septal thickening)
    - Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (lower zone, cigar-shaped +/- pneumothoraces recurrent)
    - Neurofibromatosis
    - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (in subacute/chronic although not a dominant feature)
    - Tuberous sclerosis
    - Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (heavy smoker, basal predominant GGO +/- reticulation)
    - Endstage fibrotic diffuse interstitial lung disease (IPF, sarcoidosis. Peripheral honey combing)
20
Q

Pulmonary calcification/ossification

A

(A) Localised: TB, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis

(B) Calcification in a solitary nodule = Benign almost always

(C) Diffuse or multiple calcification

  1. infection
  2. Silicosis
  3. Met
  4. Chornic pulm venous hypertension (mid-lower zone, mitral stenosis)
  5. Alveolar microlithiasis
  6. Met due to hypercalcaemia (CKD, secondary hyperparathyroidism, MM. Predominantly upper zone)
  7. Talcosis
  8. Lymphoma following radiotherapy

(D) Interstitial ossification

  1. Dendriform/disseminated pulmonary ossification: branching densities along bronchovascular distribution
  2. Idiopathic
21
Q

Fibrosing lung disease

A

Upper zone predominant:

  1. Sarcoidosis: symmetrical, streaming from hila. Calcified nodes
  2. Old TB
  3. Silicosis/pneumoconiosis/PMF
  4. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: reticular +/- honeycombing, GGO +/- traction bronchiectasis, air trapping. Upper/mid zones predominant
  5. Radiation fibrosis
  6. Ankylosing spondylitis
  7. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis

Lower zone predominant:

  1. UIP: men >50yo, basal, sunpelural reticular pattern +/- honeycombing, disease more anterior towards spices, and more posterior towards bases
  2. NSIP: middle age women, predominantly basal, diffuse GGO, fibrosis)
  3. DIP
  4. Asbestosis
  5. Fibrotic organising pneumonia: perilobular opacities, peripheral consolidation +/- air bronchogram. Mimic NSIP (vs more focal peribronchovascular GGO in NSIP)
  6. Chronic aspiration pneumonitis
22
Q

Nodular patterns on HRCT

A

(A) Centrilobular

  1. Infective bronchiolitis: TB, aspiration, viral, fungal
  2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: lobular air trapping & GGO
  3. Respiratory bronchiolitis (UL), Follicular bronchiolitis (basal, autoimmune), Diffuse panbronchiolitis (basal)
  4. Endobronchial spread of tumour eg: adenocarcinoma
  5. Metastatic pulm calcification: cannon ball, upper lobe predominance
  6. Disease associated with bronchiectasis (CF, primary ciliary dyskinesia)
(B) Perilymphatics 
1, Sarcoid 
2. Amyloid 
3. Silicosis/pneumoconiosis
4. Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
5. Lymphoma

(C) Random

  1. Military TB
  2. Military met
  3. langerhans cell histiocytosis
  4. Fungal infection
  5. Silicosis/coal worker pneumoconiosis
  6. LIP (lower zone predominant)
23
Q 
GGO HRCT
(May be due to partial air space filling, interstitial infiltration, collapse of air spaces, increased capillary blood volume)
A

(A) Acute

  1. Infection, Oedema, Haemorrhage
  2. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (yong adult)
  3. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (upper zone predominant + centrilobular GG nodules)
  4. ARDS / Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) (widespread consolidation, GGO, increases towards dependent areas, representing diffuse alveolar damage)

(B) Subacute/Chronic

  1. Diffuse interstitial lung disease (nonspecific IP - basal predominant, organising pneumonia, RB-ILD - UZ predominant, smoker, DIP - LZ predominant, LIP)
  2. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  3. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
  4. Drug induced
  5. Alveolar proteinosis
  6. denocarcinoma
  7. Alveolar sarcoidosis
24
Q

Mosaic pattern attenuation on HRCT

A

(A) Small airway disease (obliterative bronchiolitis)
Black lung is abnormal (+ small/fewer vessels) + air trapping
1. Post infective
2. Post transplantation
3. Connective tissue disease (Rheumatoid, Sjogren)
4. Drugs
5. Toxic fume inhalation
6. Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine hyperplasia
7. Bronchiectasis
8. Sarcoidosis

(B) Pulmonary vascular disease 
Black lung + no air trapping 
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension
2. Chronic thromboembolic disease 
3. Pulmonary artery tumours eg: sarcoma

(C) Infiltrative lung disease
Grey lung is abnormal (* + no disparity in vessel size in black and grey area)
*see GGO list especially chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

25
Q

Unilateral hilar enlargement

A

(A) Lymph node

  1. Lung CA
  2. Infection
  3. Sarcoidosis
  4. Lymphoma
  5. Unicentric Castleman disease: benign LN hyperplasia, enhance avidly

(B) Pulmonary artery

  1. Aneurysm
  2. PE + peripheral oligaemia (more lucent)
  3. Poststenotic dilatation

(C) Others

  1. Carcinoid
  2. Mediastinal mass
  3. Perihilar pneumonia (ill-defined +/- bronchogram)
26
Q

Bilateral hilar enlargement

A

(A) LN

  1. Sarcoidosis
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Silicosis
  4. Infective
  5. LN met
  6. Multicentric Castleman disease

(B) Vascular
1. Pulm arterial hypertension

27
Q

Egg shell calcification of LN

A
  1. Silicosis
  2. Coal worker pneumoconiosis
  3. Sarcoidosis
  4. Lymphoma following radiotherapy

DDx: aortic calcification, pulm artery calcification, anterior mediastinal tumour, fibrosing mediastinitis

28
Q

Pleural calcification

A
  1. Asbesto exposure: most commonly form adjacent to anterior rib ends & over diaphragm
  2. Prior infection: tuberculous pleuritis/empyema
  3. Talc pleurodesis
  4. Prior haemothorax (residual calcified haematoma)
29
Q

Focal pleural mass

-form obtuse angle, well defined margin, fading out laterally

A
  1. Lobulated pleural effusion
  2. Met
  3. Malignant mesothelioma: usually diffuse thickening
  4. Solitary fibrous tumour of pleura (SFT): may change in position due to pedunculation. >40yo
  5. Extrapleural haematoma
  6. Chest wall masses
30
Q

Diffuse pleural thickening

A
  1. Exudative pleural effusion
  2. Benign asbesto-related pleural thickening
  3. Malignant mesothelioma
  4. Extrapleural fat proliferation (B/L symmetrical, smooth, seen in mid zones, associated with increased mediastinal & pericardial fat)
  5. Pleural met
  6. Post haemothroax
  7. Post thoracotomy or pleurodesis
  8. Related to peripheral lung fibrosis
31
Q

Anterior mediastinal mass

A
  1. Retrosternal goitre
  2. Lymphadenopathy
  3. Thymic enlargement/tumour: thymoma, thymic hyperplasia, thymic germ cell tumour, thymic lymphoma, thymolipoma, thymic cyst
  4. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma
  5. Germ cell neoplasm: dermoid, teratoma, seminoma, choriocarcinoma, embrionale carcinoma ,endodermal sinus tumour
  6. Sternal tumour: met, myeloma, lymphoma, chondrosarcoma vs benign chondromatosis, ABC, GCT
  7. Pericardial fat & cyst
  8. Diaphramgatic eventration
  9. Morgagni hernia (almost always on right & anterior)
32
Q

Middle mediastinal mass

A
  1. Lymphadenopathy
  2. Bronchogenic carcinoma
  3. Bronchogenic cyst: sub cari al or right paratracheal
  4. Fibrosing mediastinitis: Infiltrative mass encases & narrow mediastinal vessel/airway. Causes: histoplasmosis, IgG-4 related disease, TB, fungal, infection, radiotherapy
  5. AA
  6. Torturous subclavian artery
33
Q

Posterior mediastinal mass

A

Paravertebral:

  1. Lymphoma, myeloma, met
  2. Abscess
  3. Extramedullary haematopoiesis
  4. Neurogenic tumour
  5. Meningocoele
  6. Pancreatic pseudocyst (through diaphragmatic hiatus)
  7. Neurenteric cyst (associated with congenital spinal anomaly)

(B)

  1. Hiatus hernia
  2. Dilated oesophagus
  3. Descending aperta
  4. Oesophageal duplication cyst
34
Q

Inferior surface rib notching

A

(A) Enlarged collateral vessels

  1. Coarctation of aorta
  2. Proximal subclavian artery occlusion
  3. Interrupted aortic arch
  4. Abdominal aortic occlusion
  5. Lung/chest wall AVM
  6. SVC obstruction

(B) Neurogenic

  1. Neurofibromatosis: dysplastic ribbon ribs
  2. Schwannoma
35
Q

Superior rib notching

A
  1. Connective tissue disorder: RA, SLE, scleroderma, Sjogren syndrome, Marfan syndrome
  2. Hyperparathyroidism: subperiosteal bone resorption
  3. Neurofibroma/vascular collateral: inferior first, then large enough -> superior notching too
  4. Intercostal muscle atrophy: polio, paralysis. Restrictive lung disease
  5. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  6. Progeria: thin slender osteoporotic rib
  7. Iatrogenic: chest drain, radiotherapy
36
Q

Wide/thick ribs

A

1, Fibrous dysplasia

  1. Paget
  2. Chronic anaemia
  3. Healed fracture
  4. Tuberous sclerosis
  5. Achondroplasia (short wide ribs)
  6. Mucopolysaccharidoses (ribs are widened distally)

Chest (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions