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Spine > List To Memorise > Flashcards

List To Memorise Flashcards

1
Q

Solitary collapsed vertebra (vertebra plana)

A
  1. Osteoporosis
  2. Neoplastic: met, MM/plasmacytoma, lymphoma
  3. Trauma
  4. Infection (with destruction of adjacent disc spaces, except TB which has preserved disc space)
  5. Eosinophilic granuloma (common cause in childhood, posterior element usually spared)
  6. Benign tumour eg: haemangioma, GCT, ABC
  7. Paget’s disease (neural arch is involved usually)
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2
Q

Multiple collapsed vertebrae

A
  1. Osteoporosis
  2. Neoplastic
  3. Trauma
  4. Infection
  5. Langerhans cell histocytosis (children and adolescent, disc enlarged)
  6. Scheuermann’ disease
  7. Sickle cell anaemia & Gaucher disease (H-shaped vertebrae)
  8. Osteogenesis imperfecta
  9. Osteomalacia
  10. Hyperparathyroidism
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3
Q

Enlarged vertebral body

A

Generalised: gigantism, acromegaly
Local:
1. Paget’s disease (picture frame in mixed phase, ivory vertebra in diffuse sclerotic phase)
2. Benign bone tumour (ABC, hemangioma (vertical trabecular pattern), GCT)
3. Fibrous dysplasia
4. Hydatid

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4
Q

Squaring of 1/> vertebral bodies

A
  1. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
  2. Paget’s disease
  3. RA
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5
Q

Scoliosis

(Cobb angle > 10) aka spinal asymmetry if < 10 degree

A
  • Idiopathic: congenital, juvenile, adolescent
  • Congenital: vertebral, neurological (Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, tethered cord)
  • Others: developmental dysplasia, neuromuscular, tumour related, degenerative, post-traumatic, infection
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6
Q

Erosion/destruction/absence pedicle

A
  1. Met
  2. MM
  3. Intraspinal tumour (eg: ependymoma, nerve sheath tumour)
  4. TB, other infection
  5. Radiotherapy
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7
Q

Solitary dense pedicle

A
  1. Osteoblastic metastasis
  2. Osteoid osteoma
  3. Bone island
  4. Unilateral spondylolysis
  5. Congenitally absent/hypoplastic contralateral posterior elements
  6. Osteoblastoma
  7. Other sclerotic bone lesions eg: Paget’s disease, fibrous dysplasia, sarcoidosis, tuberous sclerosis
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8
Q

Block vertebrae

A
  1. Klippel-Feil syndrome (C2/3, C5/6)
  2. Isolated congenital
  3. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  4. Ankylosing spondylitis
  5. Infectious spondylodiscitis
  6. Surgical fusion
  7. Post-traumatic
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9
Q

Ivory vertebral body

A
  1. Met
  2. Paget’s disease
  3. Haemangioma
  4. Low grade infection eg: TB
  5. Lymphoma
  6. Sarcoidosis
  7. SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis)
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10
Q

Intervertebral disc calcification

A
  1. Degenerative spondylosis
  2. Post-spinal fusion
  3. Ankylosing spondylitis
  4. DISH
  5. CPPD
  6. HADD
  7. Haemochromatosis
  8. Gout
  9. Hyperparathyroidism
  10. Amyloidosis
  11. Alkaptonuria/ochronosis
  12. Juvenile chronic arthritides
  13. Idiopathic
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11
Q

Atlantoaxial subluxation

>3mm adult, >5mm child

A
  1. Osseous or ligamentous injury (eg: transverse ligament)
  2. RA
  3. Psoriatic arthropathy
  4. CPPD
  5. HADD
  6. SLE
  7. AS
  8. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  9. Infection eg: epidural phelgmon/abscess
  10. Congenital hypoplasia
  11. Griselda syndrome (laxity of transverse/alar ligament
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12
Q

Bony outgrowth of spine

A
  1. Osteophytes
  2. Syndesmophytes (AS, CPPD, haemachromatosis, onchronosis)
  3. Non-marginal osteophytes / paravertebral ossification (psoariatic arthropathy, chronic reactive arthropathy, SAPHO)
  4. Undulating anterior or posterior ossification (DISH - anterior ossificatio, >3 contiguous vertebrae, dish height preserved; ossification of PLL)
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13
Q

Posterior scalloping of vertebral bodies (SALMON) - Mnemonic

A

S: spinal cord tumour (astrocytoma, ependymoma, schwannoma)
A: achondroplasia, acromegaly
L: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (and other connective tissue disorder)
M: Marfan’s syndrome, mucopolysaccharidoses
O: Osteogenesis imperfecta
N: neurofibromatosis type 1

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14
Q

Posterior scalloping of vertebral bodies

A
  1. Spinal cord tumour: ependymoma, dermoid, lipoma, nerve sheath tumour, meningioma
  2. Neurofibromatosis: due to mesodermal dysplasia and dural ectasia
  3. Syringomyelia
  4. Communication hydrocephalus (if severe and untreated)
  5. Acromegaly
  6. Achondroplasia
  7. Other congenital syndromes: Ehlers-Danilo’s/Marfan, osteogenesis imperfecta
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15
Q

Anterior vertebral scalloping

A
  1. Aortic aneurysm
  2. Lymphadenopathy
  3. Delayed motor development eg: Down syndrome
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16
Q

Widened interpedicular distance

A
  1. Myelomeningocele (Spina bifida cystica)
  2. Intraspinal mass
  3. Diastematomyelia
  4. Trauma
17
Q

Diffuse low marrow T1 signal

Normally should be greater signal than disc

A
  1. Red marrow conversion (chronic anaemia, increased oxygen demand, pt on GCSF)
  2. Diffuse malignant infiltration (met, myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia)
  3. Haemosiderosis (due to haemolytic anaemia or recurrent blood transfusion; low signal also in liver/spleen supportive dx)
  4. Disorders causing diffuse bony sclerosis (myelofibrosis, mastocytosis, osteoporosis)
  5. Gaucher disease
18
Q

Intraspinal masses - extradural origin

A
  1. Disc herniation/sequestration
  2. Met, myeloma, lymphoma
  3. Synovial cyst (related to facet joint arthrosis located in posterolateral epidural space
  4. Extradural meninges cyst (perineural cyst along spinal nerve, extradural arachnoid cyst within posterior spinal cord, Tarlov cyst)
  5. Epidural phelgmon/abscess
  6. Epidural fibrosis (post-op)
  7. Neurofibroma: nodular or plexiform-enhancing mass related to nerve root +/- dumbbell configuration
  8. Schwannoma (more commonly intradural)
  9. Epidural haematoma
  10. Epidural lipomatosis (steroid, obesity)
  11. Discal cyst (young Asian men)
  12. Other facet joint related lesion (gout tophi, calcinosis)
  13. Extramedullary haematopoiesis (epidural or paravertebral)
  14. Angiolipoma
  15. Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma (childhood tumour arising from adrenal or paravertebral sympathetic chain)
  16. Hydatid cyst (usually epidural or intraosseous)
  17. Sarcoidosis
19
Q

Intraspinal mass- intradural, extramedullary mass

A
  1. Schwannoma
  2. Meningioma
  3. Neurofibroma
  4. Arachnoid cyst
  5. Leptomeningeal met (haematogenous or drop met)
  6. Other leptomeningeal processes eg: sarcoidosis, meningitis
  7. Dilated vessel (dural AVF, collateral)
  8. Lipoma
  9. Epidermoid cyst (congenital or acquired, lumbosacral region)
  10. Dermoid cyst (lumbosacral region, contains fat +/- calcification)
  11. Neurenteric cyst (thoracic/cervical region anterior to cord)
  12. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour
  13. Melanocytoma (mimic melanoma met, rare benign tumour)
  14. Cysticercosis
20
Q

Intraspinal mass- intradural, extramedullary mass (mneumonic)

A

No More Spinal Masses

  1. Neurofibroma
  2. Meningioma
  3. Schwannoma
  4. Metastasis
21
Q

Intramedullary mass

A
  1. Ependymoma (cervical > thoracic)
  2. Astrocytoma (thoracic > cervical)
  3. Haemangioblastoma (posterior cord, eccentric, exophylic)
  4. Metastases (eg: lung, breast)
  5. Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin more common)
  6. Ganglioglioma (cervical > thoracic)
  7. Demyelination (MS, ADEM, neuromyelitis optica*, transverse myelitis**)
  8. Other myelopathies eg: vasculitis, radiation, vitamin B12 def, schistosomiasis
    * >3 vertebral segments
    * *>2 vertebral segments involving > 2/3 cross sectional area
  9. Acute cord infarct
  10. Vascular malformation (eg: AVM, cavernoma ‘pop-corm appearance’)
  11. Spinal cord abscess
  12. Dermoid/epidermoid/neurenteric cyst
  13. Sarcoidosis
22
Q

Lesions related to cauda equina

A
  1. Any intramedullary mass
  2. Myxopapillary ependymoma
  3. Paraganglioma
  4. Film terminals lipoma
  5. Guillain-Barré syndrome
  6. Chronic inflammatory demyelination polyneuropathy (CIDP)
  7. Hereditary polyneuropathies (eg: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)
  8. Other radiculopathies (viral, chemo/radiation-induced)

Spine (1 decks)

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