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digestion and nutrition > list the organs in the gi tract > Flashcards

list the organs in the gi tract Flashcards

1
Q

list the organs that make up the gi tract

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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2
Q

List the accessory digestive organs and structures involved in the digestive process.

A

teeth, tongue, and gallbaldder

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3
Q

List the six general functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion, motility, secretion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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4
Q

ingestion

A

its the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity

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5
Q

motility

A

it describes both voluntary and involuntary muscular conractions for moving materials thru the GI tract

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6
Q

secretion

A

the process of producing and releasing substances that facilitate both digestion and the movement of contents within the GI tract

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7
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown of ingested food into smaller components that may be absorbed from the GI tract

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8
Q

absorption

A

involves membrane transport of digested molecules across the epithelial lining of the GI tract into the blood and lymph

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9
Q

elimination

A

expulsion of indigestible components thru the anal canal

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10
Q

List the four tunics (layers) that make up the gastrointestinal wall.

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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11
Q

Briefly explain the process of absorption

A

it occurs when substances are moved thru the simple columnar epithelial cells that line the GI tract wall and are absorbed into the blood or lymphatic capillaries located within the lamina propria

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12
Q

distinguish the action of the muscularis mucosae of the mucosal tunic from the muscularis tunic

A

muscularis mucosae is composed ofa thin layer of smooth muscle and it “shake things up” and the muscularis tunic is the inner circular layer

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13
Q

enteric nervous system

A

it consists of both sensory and motor neurons that extends from the esophagus to the anus

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

it has the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems of the digestive system

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15
Q

short reflexes

A

its a local reflex and it only involes the enteric nervous system

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16
Q

long reflexes

A

it involves a sensory input from the central nervous system and serves as the integration center

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17
Q

the hormones that regulate the process of digestion

A

gastrin, somatosatin, cck, and secretin

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18
Q

what is the stimulus for release of gastrin

A

a bolus in stomach

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19
Q

what is the stimulus for release of somatosatin

A

if there is an increase in stomach acidity

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20
Q

what is the stimulus for release of cck

A

chyme entering duodenum, especially if chyme has a lot of fat

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21
Q

what is the stimulus for the release of secretin

A

chyme entering duodenum, especially if chyme has a lot of acid

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22
Q

the serous membrane is associated with the abdominopelvic cavity called what

A

the periotoneum.

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23
Q

the peritoneum is consisted of 2 serous membrane layers that are continuous with one another along what

A

the posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

intraperiotneal organs

A

organs within the abdomin that are completely surrounded by visceral periotneum

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25
Q

retroperiotneal organs

A

they lie outside of the partial peritoneum directly against the posterior abdominal wall

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26
Q

Explain the function of the mesentery

A

it supports, suspends, and stabilizes the intraperitoneal organs

27
Q

what are the five individual mesenteries of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

greater omentum, lesser omentum, falciform, mesentary proper, and mesocolon

28
Q

greater omentum

A

extends inferiorly from the greater curvature and covers most of the abdominal organs

29
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects the lesser curvature and the end of the duodenum to the liver

30
Q

falciform

A

it attatches the liver to the to the internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall

31
Q

mesentery proper

A

periotoneum that suspends most of the small intestine from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall

32
Q

mesocolon

A

fold of the peritoneum that attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall (transverse/sigmoid)

33
Q

what are the components of the upper gastrointestinal tract

A

oral cavity and salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach

34
Q

explain how the release of saliva is regulated

A

the salivary nuclei within the pons regulate salivation in response to parasympathic stimulation. viscous saliva is a result of sympathetic stimulation

35
Q

describe the process of mastication

A

mechanical digestion in the oral cavity or chewing

36
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus and their complementary activities in
the process of swallowing.

A
  1. entry of the bolus into the oropharynx
  2. elevation of the soft palate and the uvula to block the passageway between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
  3. elevation of the larynx results in the epiglottis covering the trachea
37
Q

what does the stomach do

A

the stomach secress highly aciditc gastric juices that facilitate the breakdown of food

38
Q

Describe the three components of the lower gastrointestinal tract

A

small intestine, large intestine, and accessory digestive organs

39
Q

what are the associated accessory digestive organs in the lower GI tract

A

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

40
Q

Identify and describe the anatomy of the small intestine

A

a long tube that extends between the stomach and the large intestine

41
Q

List the glands found in the small intestine

A

goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and paneth cells, and duodenal submucosal glands

42
Q

goblet cells

A

they produce mucin which lubricates and protects the intestinal lining

43
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

release hormones such as cck and secretin into the blood

44
Q

paneth cells

A

assist with the functioning of the innate immune system

45
Q

duodenal submucosal gland (brunner gland)

A

produces a viscous alkaline mucous secretion that protects the duodenum from the acidic chyme that enters from the stomach

46
Q

when chyme first enters the small intestine ________ is more prevalent than peristalsis

A

segmentation

47
Q

segmentation

A

mixes chyme with secretions from the accessory digestive organs thru a backward forward motion

48
Q

________ propels material by alternating contraction of the muscle layers in the small intestine

A

peristalsis

49
Q

List the accessory digestive organs associated with releasing secretions into the duodenum,
and describe the ducts that deliver these secretions

A 
liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas  
biliary apparatus (liver and gallbladder)
pancreatic ducts (pancreas)
50
Q

oxygenated blood to the liver is delievered from ______

A

the hepatic artery

51
Q

and deoxygenated blood ito the liver is delivered thru the _______

A

hepatic portal vein

52
Q

how do blood and bile flow thru the liver

A

they enter into a sinusoid where blood is processed and then drained into the central vein of the lobule

53
Q

Identify and describe the pancreas, and explain its general function in digestion.

A

it has endocrine and exocrine functions. exocrine cells produce pancreatic juice to assist with chemical digestion

54
Q

Identify and describe the three major regions of the large intestine

A

the cecum, colon, and the rectum

55
Q

four segments of the colon of the large intestine.

A

ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid

56
Q

Explain the distinguishing histologic features of the large intestine.

A

lined by simple columnar epi with numorous goblet cells. it lacks intestinal villi. has intestinal crypts

57
Q

Name the three classes of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

58
Q

Explain the processing in the oral cavity that initiates carbohydrate digestion and how it is
completed in the small intestine.

A

digestion of starch begins in the oral cavity and is broken down by salivary amylase. starch digestion continues wothin the small intestine and is further broken down by pancreatic amylase

59
Q

Explain why the proteolytic enzymes of the stomach and pancreas are synthesized in
inactive forms.

A

becasue they would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them

60
Q

Describe the activation of pepsin in the initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

A

HCl activates the formation of pepsin from pepsinogen

61
Q

describe the role of pepsin in the initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

A

pepsin chemically digests proteins into shorter strands of amino acids

62
Q

Describe the activation of proteolytic enzymes and the chemical digestion of proteins that
occurs in the small intestine.

A

tripsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxypeptidase enter the small intestine and are activated by the enzyme enteropeptidase.

63
Q

Explain the role of bile salts in mechanical digestion of lipids and the role of pancreatic lipase
in the chemical digestion of triglycerides.

A

bile salts emulsify lipids so that pancreatic lipase has greater access to triglyceride molecules and may more affectivly chemically digest the triglyceride molecules

digestion and nutrition (1 decks)

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