LIST A Flashcards
A/5. LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Amides: blocks Na ch slows then prevent AP
Hepatic metabolism CYP450
Lidocaine, SE: excitation ,seizure ,vasodialation , hypotension, arrhythmias
Articaine, (most rapid onset),
(levo)bupivacaine (long action=3-6hr) SE: CNS toxicity, CV Collapse (Levo is less cardiotoxic)
Ropivacaine (cardiotoxic when used for peripheral n.block)
Esters: metabolised by plasma AchE (pseudocholinesterase)
Benzocaine,
Cocaine (D=1-2hr) (BLOCKS Na ch + intrinsic sympathomimetic action) ; Causes CV toxicity
Tetracaine (D=2-3hr)
Procaine (D=30-60 mins)
surface active agents= ability to reach superficial n. when applied on surface of mucous membrane
- cocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine,
- lidocaine
A/6. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Short-acting (8-12 h): hydrocortisone
Intermediate-acting (12-36 h):
prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone
Long-acting (36-72 h): dexamethasone
A/7. MINERALOCORTICOIDS (& TOPICALLY APPLIED GLUCOCORTICOIDS)
Agonists: aldosterone, fludrocortisone
Antagonists:
- Receptor antagonism: spironolactone, epleronone
- Synthesis antagonism: metyrapone, etomidate, ketoconazole
Topically applied glucocorticoids: fluocinolone, budesonide, mometasone, fluticasone
A/8. ANDROGENS, ANABOLIC STEROIDS & ANTIANDROGENS
Androgens:
- Testosterone derivates: fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone cypionate
- Anabolic steroids: testosterone-undecanoate, nandrolone, oxandrolone
Antiandrogens:
- Receptor inhibitors: bicalutamide, flutamide
- 5alpha reductase inhibitors: finasteride
- GnRH agonists: goserelin
- GnRH antagonists: degarelix
- PDE5 inhibitors: sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil
A/9. ESTROGENS & ANTIESTROGENS
Estrogen: estradiol, ethinyl-estradiol, mestranol, diethylbestrol (DES)
Antiestrogens:
- SERMs: tamoxifen, raloxifene, clomifene
- Receptor inhibitors: fulvestrant
- Synthesis inhibitors: anastrozole, danazole
- GnRH agonists: goserelin
- GnRH antagonists: degarelix
A/10. PROGESTINS & ANTIPROGESTINS
Progestins: medroxyprogesterone, drospirenone, cyprosterone-acetate, norethisterone, levonorgestrel, desogestrel
Antiprogestins:
mifepristone, ulipristal-acetate
A/11. CONTRACEPTIVES
Estrogen component:
ethinyl-estradiol
Progesterone component: medroxyprogesterone-acetate, levonorgestrel, desogestrel
A/12. THYROID & ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Thyroid agonists: levothyroxine, iodine, liothyronine
Thyroid antagonists:
- Thioamides:
propylthiouracil, thiamazole, methimazole - Iodine salts: lugol, potassium iodide
- Radioactive iodine131
- Anion inhibitors: thiocyanate, perchlorate
hypothalamic and pituitary hormones: *octreotide, bromocriptine, desmopressin, oxytocin
A/13. PARENTERALLY APPLIED INSULINS
Ultra-rapid: aspart, lispro, glulisine
Rapid: insulin
Intermediate: protamine-insulin (NPH)
Ultra-long: glargine, detemir, degludec
A/14. ORAL ANTIDIABETICS
Insulin secretagogues:
- Sulfonylurea 1st gen.: tolbutamide, chlorpropramide
(old, lower potency, greater toxicity; rarely used) - Sulfonylurea 2nd gen.: glimepiride, glipizide
(increases insulin sec by closing ATP-sensitive K ch), T2DM , oral , SE: hypoglycemia, weight gain
Intermediate duration - Meglitinide analogue: repaglinide, nateglinide
(fast acting insulin secretagogues)
Biguanides: metformin (-hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis> decreases endogenous glucose pro through enhanced insulin sensitivity)
T2DM , oral
SE: GI , Lactic acidosis(rare)
Thiazolidinediones:
rosiglitazone,
pioglitazone(Less CV SE)
(regulates gene exp by binding PPAR-gamma; stimulate glu uptake by muscle and adipose, lowers TG , increase HDL , T2DM)
SE: fluid retension, edema, anemia, weight gain, bone fracture (women), may worsen HF , increase MI risk
Agents affecting incretin system:
- GLP-1 analogue: eventide, liraglutide , parenteral
- DDP-4 inhibitors: sitagliptin, vildagliptin
(DDP-4 degrades GLP-1 and other incretins), oral
SE: rhinitis, URTI, allergic rxn
Insulin independent :
-SGLT2 inhibitors: canagliflozin, dapagliflozin
(inhibits renal glu absorption)
SE: osmotic diuresis, genital + urinary tract infection, decreased bone density
-Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose, miglitol
(- intestinal a-glucosidase) (SE: GI disturbance)
Amylin analog: pramlintide
(T1DM & T2DM) parenteral
SE: GI , hypoglycemia, headache
A/15. AGENTS AFFECTING BONE MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS
Hormonal modulators: teriparatide, cholecalciferol (vit D3), calcitonin, raloxifene
Non-hormonal modulators:
- Bisphosphonates: alendronate, zoledronate
- RANKL inhibitors: denosumab
A/16. ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
COX inhibitors: aspirin
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors: abciximab
ADP-r antagonists: clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, ticlopidine
PDE inhibitors: dipyridamole, cilostazol
A/17. ANTICOAGULANT AGENTS
Heparin: UFH, LMWH (enoxaparin, dalteparin), fondaparinux
Coumarin: warfarin
Thrombin inhibitors: bivalirudin, argatroban, dabigatran
Factor Xa inhibitors: rivaroxaban, apixaban
A/18. FIBRINOLYTICS, DRUGS USED IN BLEEDING DISORDERS
Tissue plasminogen activators (tPA): alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase
Streptokinase: streptokinase
Vitamin K: vitamin K
Heparin antidote: protamin
Clotting factors: VIII conc., IX conc, XI conc., desmopressin
Antiplasmin drugs: aminocaproic acid, tranexaminc acid
epinephrin
fibrin foam
A/19. HEMATOPOIETIC MEDICATIONS
Erythrocyte factors:
iron-hydroxide polymatose complex (IPC),
vit B12 (cobalamin),
vit B9 (folic acid)
Eryhtropoiesis-stimulating factors:
epopoietin-alpha, darbepoetin-alpha
Myeloid GFs: filgrastim, sargamostim, plerixafor
Megakaryocyte GFs: oprelvekin, romiplostim, eltrombopag
