liquid dosage forms

Question 1

what is liquid dosage form?

Answer 1

is a pourable pharmaceutical preparation containing an active drug and exepients dissolved or suspended in a suitable solvent

Question 2

classify liquid dosage forms

Answer 2

monophasic

biphasic

Question 3

advantages of liquid dosage forms ;6 POINTS

Answer 3

suitable for patients with difficulties in swallowing
more readily absorbed than solid
distribution of dosage is better than solids
more economical to produce
can be designed for any route of admin
dosage can easily be adjusted accordin to patients needs

Question 4

disadvantages of liquid dosage forms ;5 points

Answer 4

+drugs are less stable in solid as are in liquids
+they are more succeptible to microbial contamination
+administration is less precise as it is based on patient measurements
+are more bulky to carry than solid forms
+easily affected by temperature,light and microorganism
+loss may occur if the container breaks

Question 5

excipients used in liquid dosage forms(4poits)

Answer 5

vehicles(water,glycerine,alcohol)
stabilizers;increase stability by preventig degradation
preservatives;prevent microbial activities
suspending agents;suspend APIs prevent decantation
emulsifying agents(talc)absorb water-oil droplets

Question 6

define sulibilization(sulubility enhancement)

Answer 6

is a technique of improving solubility of poorly soluble drugs by the use of surfactants

Question 7

what are the techniques of solubility enhancement (6 points)

Answer 7

particle size reduction
nanonization
cosolvency
hydrotopy
pH adjustment
complexation

Question 8

define monophasic liquid dosage forms

Answer 8

means two or more liquid preparations existing in one phase

Question 9

classify liquid dosage forms (2 with examples)

Answer 9

1.internal administration(syrups,elixirs,linctuse)
2.external administration(gargles,mouthwash,paints,douches,eardrops,
nasaldrops,eyedrops)

Question 10

define syrups

Answer 10

are sweet viscous concentrated solutions of sucrose in purified water and other API(acqueous liquid)

Question 11

what are the two methods of syrup preparation

Answer 11

agitation method

percolation method

Question 12

what are the two types of syrups

Answer 12

nonmedicated syrups(only sucrose and water,
medicated syrup(atleast one water soluble API)

Question 13

define elixirs

Answer 13

are clear aromatic sweetened hydro-alcoholic preparation intended for oral use

Question 14

define linctuses

Answer 14

is a viscous liquid which is taken orally prepared for cough relief

Question 15

what are gargles

Answer 15

is an acqueous solution containing antiseptics or antibiotics used to treat throat infections eg povidone iodine

Question 16

define mouth wash

Answer 16

is an aqueous solution with pleasant taste used to clean and deodorize the buccal cavity

Question 17

define throat paints

Answer 17

are viscous preparations used for mouth and throat infections and is usualy applied by a soft brush or cotton swab

Question 18

mention two forms of biphasic liquids

Answer 18

emulsion

suspension

Question 19

define an emulsion

Answer 19

is a biphasic system consisting of two imiscible liquids in which one is finely subdivided and uniformly dispersed throughout the other

Question 20

mention the four types of emulsion

Answer 20

oil in water
water in oil
multiple emulsion
microemulsion

Question 21

what are the pharmaceutical applications of emulsions (advantages)

Answer 21

• helps to make some drugs more palatable by masking the odor and bad taste eg codliver oil emulsion
• can prolong the release of drug-sustained action
• protects drugs from oxidation or hydrolysis by making them stable
• are used to prepare pharmaceutical preparation for external use eg lotions,creams

Question 22

what are disadvantages of emulsions

Answer 22

• they are highly unstable
• succeptible to temperature and pH changes
• size of globules makes it less favourable for parenteral administration

Question 23

what is the purpose of identification tests

Answer 23

to tell apart between o/w and w/o emulsions

Question 24

mention the 4 identification tests for emulsions

Answer 24

-dilution test
-conductivity test
-dye solubility test
cobalt chloride test

Question 25

what are the 4 additives in emulsions and their purpose

Answer 25

• viscosity builders-builds up viscosity of continious phase
• antimicrobial -protects from microbial degradation
• antioxidants-protects against rancidity eg BHA
• organopletic-improves palatbility of the emulsions

Question 26

define surfactants

Answer 26

are substances that help in making two imiscible liquids homogenous

Question 27

what is CMC and its longform

Answer 27

critical miscele concentration

is a concentration below which micelle formation does not take place

Question 28

what are the 3 types of surfactants and the type of charge

Answer 28

anaionic(+ve)
cationic(-ve)
non ionic