liquid base medicines

Question 1

Three different types

Answer 1

solutions : all ingredients dissolved, present as single molecucles

suspensions: Insoluble solid particles

emulsions: Insoluble liquid droplets dispersed in another liquid

Question 2

Stabilisers excipients

Answer 2

• buffers, antioxidants and preservatives

Question 3

make more appealing excipients

Answer 3

-sweetners
-flavours
-colours

Question 4

specific excipient to a certain type of medicines

Answer 4

• Solubility enhancers
• Thickening agents
• Emulsifying agents

Question 5

what is the vehicle in liquid medicines

Answer 5

• often water: the water should be purified BP or water for Injection BP (sterile and particle-free
• oral medicines are normally a thick sweet liquid (syrup glycerol)
• can also use other liquids for external medicines such as alcohol ether and propylnglycol

Question 6

Stabilisers

Answer 6

inhibits the growth of microorghanisms

this is important because of : contamination and reinfection, food poisoning and microorganism degrading the liquid

Question 7

issues with preservatives

Answer 7

allergic, (can make a special medicines to overcome by using. alternatives)

Question 8

stabilisers- antioxidants

Answer 8

get oxidised instead of the drug because its more reactive

Question 9

stabilsers - chelating agents

Answer 9

react with complexes to form heavy metal ions and reduce there ability to catalyse oxidation

Question 10

stabilisers - Buffers

Answer 10

drugs only soluble at certain pHs,
chemical stability,
effectiveness of excipients
safety (eg no stinging)
taste

Question 11

sweeteners

Answer 11

• sugars- (decay and needs persertavite)
  
  • glycerol (used in cough medicines)
  • sugar alcohols (no tooth decay, good for diabetics, useful for sugar free medicines, can cause bloating, cramps and diarrhoea)
  • artificial sweeteners (diff taste, no cal or tooth decay , may not be safe)

Question 12

why use flavourings

Answer 12

Taste masking

can be natural, natural identical or artificial

Question 13

examples of flavourings

Answer 13

• use oils
• spirits and tinctures (oil and alcohol)
• concentrated water (solution or emulsion in water)
• waters is diluted form
• syrups

Question 14

colours

Answer 14

Synthetic: few safe to ingest mostly used on skin, cosmetics and clothes

Inorganic: iron oxides that coat tablets

Natural

Question 15

issues with using colours

Answer 15

Issues: not essential. can have adverse effects od synthetic such as :

• bronchoconstcrtion is asmathics
• hyperactivity in children
• cancer

although natural is safer they are less chemically stable and can cause food allergy

Question 16

solubility in enhancers

Answer 16

common examples are cosolvent and surfactants

Question 17

issues with suspensions

Answer 17

Issues: poor physical stability so separation and caking happens this means it can’t be redispersed by shaking the bottle.

Question 18

to overcome the suspension issues

Answer 18

• tell patient to shake medicine
• decrease the size of particles
• thicker vehicle mean particles less likely to fall
• flocculate
• add a surfactant this improves wetting (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)

Question 19

why are thickening agents used

Answer 19

slow down fall of suspended particles

also can be used to increase residence time of medicines at there site of action

Question 20

measuring liquid

Answer 20

can’t use conical measure with thick liquids or suspensions

when there’s a thick liquid take density in account can use beaker or weighing boat. these can be rinsed by the vehicle.