Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Lippincotts 2 - CNS > Flashcards

Lippincotts 2 - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much does the brain weigh at birth?
describe the growth in the first 3 years (weight)
how much does the adult brain weigh?

A

at birth the brain weighs 400g
during the first 3 years the weight of the bhrain triples
adult brain weighs 1400g, 2% body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

from what does the adult nervous system originate during development?
when does development of the nervous system begin?

A

simple ectodermal tube. beginning the end of week 3 of gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the development of the neural tube…

A
  • ectodermal plate thickens to form neural plate
    • neural plate fold around the midline groove
    • broad rostral end, fold appear (pivot points)
    • fusion begins on day 22
    • cranial neuropore closes day 24
    • caudal neuropore closes day 26
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are neural crest cells?

what do they differentiate into?

A

neural crest cell appear as the fusion of the neural tube occurs. cells from the crest dissociate and migrate away from the neural tube.
they differentiate into a variety of cell types, inc:
- adrenal medulla
- odentoblasts
- schwann cells
- sensory neurons in spinal ganglia
- pigment cells (melinocytes)
- endocardium cushion cells and spiral septum
- branchial pouches (bone/cartilage)
- arachnoid pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

developemtn of the brain: primary vesicles to secondary vesicles of neural tube…

A 
the brain starts to develop in the 4th week of gestation.
primary vesicles: (rostal to caudal)
   1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
   2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
   3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

secondary vesicles:
1. prosencephalon &raquo_space;> telencephalon
diencephalon

  1. mesencephalon &raquo_space;> mesencephalon
  2. rhombencephalon&raquo_space;> metencephalon
    myelencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the prosencephalon subdivide to form?

A

the prosencephalon is the forebrain. this primary vesicles divides into the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

the mesencephalon is a vesicle in the brain. it does not subdivide and forms the midbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the rhombencephalon form?

A

the rhombencephalon is the forebrain. the rhombencephalon is a primary vesicle that subdivides into the rostral metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the caudal myelencephalon (medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

the telencephalon grows to form a complex 3d structure. expands to form:

  • frontal lobes, anterior
  • parietal lobes, lateral and superior
  • occipital lobes, posterior and inferior
  • temporal lobes

expansion results in the cerebral hemisphers covering the diencephalon, midbraina and pons. (cerebellum is posterior, not covered)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is grey matter?

A

grey matter is the accumulation of neuronal cell bodies
- in the brain, grey matter is found in the cortical layer and deep structures of the brain, also in brainstem (cranial nerve nuclei)

  • in CNS collection of neuronal cell bodies are called nuclei
  • in PNS collection of neruonal cell bodies are called gangia
  • in the spinal cord grey matter is found centrally surrounded by white matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is white matter?

what are tracts?

A

white matter is the sum of all fibre tracts.
axons are mostly myelinated and therefore appear more white than grey matter.

a tract is a bundle of axons travelling from one area to another.
a tract in the PNS is called a nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the telencephalon?

A

the telecephalon is composed of a huge cerebrum, which is divided into cerebral hemispheres. they are covered by grey matter. deep to the grey matter are structures which include:

- basal ganglia
- limbic system structures (hippocampus and amygdala)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

the diencephalon is formed from the prosensephalon and forms the caudal end of the forebrain. it consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal

plus the limbic lobe…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the frontal lobe?

- anatomical position

A

the frontal lobe is the largest lobe of the brain. it is located anteriorly and separated from the parietal lobe by the cental sulcus (groove) and the temporal lobe by the lateral sylvian fissure.

17
Q

what is the frontal lobe?

- contents and functions

A

in the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus is the precentral gyrus that contains the primary motor areas.

  • lateral and medial areas regulate voluntary motor activity (also initiate)
  • also broca motor speech area

remainder of frontal lobe consists of prefrontal association areas

  • motivation, emotion, personality, initiative, judgement, social inhibitions and ability to concentrate
  • congulate gyrus on medial surface is important in modulating emotional aspects of behaviour.
18
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

- anatomical position

A

the parietal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sylvian fissure, and from the occipital lobe by the parietooccipital fissure

19
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

  • contents
  • functions (3)
A

the parietal lobe contains the postcentral gyrus, posterior to the central sulcus. the postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosenory area of the cortex.

the parietal lobes are important in regulating somatosensory functions

  1. inital cortical processing and perception of touch, pain and limb position (lateral and medial aspects of parietal lobe)
  2. sensory aspects of language
  3. aspects of spacial orientation and perception
20
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

- anatomical position

A

the occipital lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by the parietooccipital fissure

located posteriorly

21
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

- contents and functions

A

the occipital lobe is primarily involved in processing visual information
primary visual area is located on either side of the calcarine sulcus in the medial surface.

the calcarine sulcus joins the parietooccipital fissure

the occipital lobe mediates the ability to see and recognise objects.

22
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

- anatomical position

A

the temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral sylvian sulcus and from the occipital lobe by a line drawn extending the parietaloccipital fissure

23
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

- contents and functions

A

the temporal lobe is important for auditory processing

the superior temporal gyrus is the area of hearing and the interpretatiopn of sound

the lateral surface functions for perception of language

the medial (anterior) aspects are important for learning, memory and emotion.

24
Q

what is the limbic lobe?

A

the limbic lobe, although not an actual lobe of the cerebral hemisphere but formed from parts of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. (the cingulate and the parahippocampus gyri)

the limbic lobe is a ring of cortex on the medial side, which overlie and is interconnected with limbic system structures.

25
Q

what gyri make up the limbic lobe?

A
  • cingulate

- parahippocampus

26
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A

the ventricular system is a fluid-filled space within the brain. it is comprised of the:

  • lateral vetricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • 4th ventricle
  • spinal canal

cerebral spinal fluid circulates within the ventricles.

27
Q

what is CSF?

A

cerebral spinal fluid, circulates around the ventricular system, secreted from ependymal cells of the choroid plexus.

28
Q

describe the circulation of CSF…

A 
csf fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord. 
continuous production  (500ml per day) drives the CSF to circulate.

CSF moves from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd to the 4th ventricles. from the 4th ventricle the outflow is through the two lateral foramina of Luschia and through the medial foramen of Magendie (posterior) intot he subarachnoid space, also to the central canal of the spinal cord.

in the subarachnoid spacecisterns are evident.

CSF moves posteriorly around the spinal cord and then back up anteriorly. circulating until it reaches the arachnoid granulations that protrude into the superior sagital venous sinus. where it is reabsorbed

29
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses and small amount by ependymal cells.

30
Q

where are the main choroid plexuses found?

what is the structure of choroid plexus?

A

choroid plexuses are found int he lateral ventricles and 4th ventricles.

choroid plexus is a 3 layered structure:

  1. fenestrated endothelium of choroid arteries
  2. pial layer
  3. specialised ependymal cells
31
Q

how is CSF reabsorbed?

A

CSF is reabsorbed by the superior sagittal venous sinus through arachnois granulations.

reabsorption id driven by a pressure gradient.
pressure is less in the venous sinus that the arachnoid granulations and so CSF enters the sinus.

32
Q

what is the sturcture of the lateral ventricle?

A

the lateral ventricle are associated with the telencephalon. a lateral ventricle is found in each cerebral hemisphere.
lateral ventricle is C shaped and conforms to the curvature of the brain.
3 horns:
- anterior horn: deep in the frontal and parietal lobes
- posterior horn: extends into the occipital lobe
- inferior horn: in the temoral lobe

(hippocampus is found in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle)

33
Q

what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?

A

the intraventricular foramen of Monroe connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle

34
Q

what separates the two anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

the sepum pelucidum separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles on the medial surface

35
Q

what is the 3rd ventricle associated with and what connects it to the 4th ventricle?

A

the 3rd ventricle is associated with the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus located on either side of the ventricle)

the 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct.

36
Q

what are the spaces between the meninges?

A

there is only one true meningeal space: subarachnoid space

the subarachnoid space is filled with CSF and is between the pia mater and arachnoid mater.

other meningeal spaces may develop:

  • subdural space: arachnoid and dura
  • epidural space: drua and bone

although in the spinal cord a true epidural space exists between dure (only single layer in spinal cord) and peristeum of verebrae. this space is filled with fatty tissue andf the certebral venous plexus.

37
Q

what are the sources of blood to the brain:

A

brain blood supply is from 2 sources:

  1. internal carotid
  2. vertebral arteries

Neurology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions