Lippencott Ch 8 - Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid/Base Imbalance

Question 1

What is made up of 2/3 of body water inside the cells and has low sodium, chloride and bicarbonate but high potassium?

Answer 1

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Question 2

What is made up of 1/3 of body water outside of the cells (which includes blood, interstitial space, and transcellular) has high levels of sodium and chloride but is low in potassium?

Answer 2

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 3

What does diffusion do?

Answer 3

It is the movement down a concentration gradient.

Question 4

What is osmosis?

Answer 4

It is the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Question 5

What is isotonic?

Answer 5

Same osmotic pressure as blood (0.9% NaCl) - cells are fine.

Key: “It stays where I put it.”

Question 6

What is hypertonic?

Answer 6

More concentrated than blood - water moves out of cells and they shrink.

Key: HYPER kid who crashes after sugar rush.

Question 7

What is hypotonic?

Answer 7

Less concentrated than blood - water moves into cells and they swell.

Key: think of blowing a balloon. IT GETS BIGGER!

Question 8

What are the electrolyte levels for Sodium?

Answer 8

Na+ = 135-145 mEq/L

Question 9

What are the electrolyte levels for Potassium?

Answer 9

K+ = 3.5-5 mEq/L

Question 10

What are the electrolyte levels for bicarbonate?

Answer 10

HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L

Question 11

What are the electrolyte levels for Chlorine?

Answer 11

Cl- = 95-105 mEq/L

Question 12

What are the electrolyte levels for Calcium?

Answer 12

Ca2+ = 9-10.5 mg/dL

Question 13

What is capillary or interstitial fluid exchange?

Answer 13

The transfer of fluids between the vascular and interstitial space.

Question 14

What are forces that move water between capillaries and tissue?

Answer 14

1. Capillary filtration/hydrostatic pressure: pushes water out of capillary
2. Capillary osmotic pressure: pulls water into capillary
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure: opposes water movement into tissue
4. Interstitial Osmotic pressure: pulls water into tissue

Question 15

What is edema?

Answer 15

Palpable swelling produced by increased interstitial fluid volume.

Question 16

What is local edema?

Answer 16

Localized to one area

Question 17

What is generalized edema?

Answer 17

Generalized all over

Question 18

What is dependent edema?

Answer 18

When fluid accumulates in dependent parts of body due to gravity.

Question 19

What are the four factors that cause edema?

Answer 19

1. increased capillary filtration pressure
2. decreased capillary osmotic pressure due to reduced levels of plasma proteins (albumin)
3. increased capillary permeability (plasma proteins leak into tissues)
4. obstruction of lymphatic flow (lymphedema)