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BIOCHEMISTRY > Lipids of Physiologic Significance > Flashcards

Lipids of Physiologic Significance Flashcards

1
Q

PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS

A

relatively insoluble in water and
soluble in
nonpolar solvents

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2
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT?
A. Lipids are important
dietary constituents not only because of the high energy value of fats
B. essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and other
lipophilic micronutrients are contained in the fat of natural foods
C. Dietary
supplementation with long-chain ω3 fatty acids is believed to have
beneficial effects in a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular
disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and dementia.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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3
Q

Fat is stored in

A

adipose tissue

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4
Q

are esters of fatty acids

with various alcohols:

A

Simple lipids

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5
Q

Which statement is incorrect?
A. Fat is stored in connective tissue,
where it also serves as a thermal insulator in the subcutaneous tissues and
around certain organs.
B. Nonpolar lipids act as electrical insulators,
allowing rapid propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated
nerves.
C. Lipids are transported in the blood combined with proteins in
lipoprotein particles
D. None of the above

A

A. Fat is stored in adipose tissue

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6
Q

Fats

A

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol.

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7
Q

Fats in the liquid

state.

A

Oils

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8
Q

Waxes

A

Esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight

monohydric alcohols.

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9
Q

esters of fatty acids, which always contain an alcohol and one or more fatty acids, but which also have other groups.

A

Complex lipids

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10
Q

Contain a phosphoric acid residue. They frequently have nitrogen-containing bases (eg, choline) and other substituents.

A

Phospholipids:

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11
Q

Which is incorrect?
A. Phospholipids frequently
have nitrogen-containing bases (eg, choline) and other substituents.
B. Glycerophospholipids are type of phospholipid is which the alcohol is glycerol
C. Sphingophospholipids are type of phospholipid is which the alcohol is spinghosine, which contains a carbohydrate group
D. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) are fatty acid
sphingosine, and carbohydrate.

A

C. Sphingophospholipids are type of phospholipid is which the alcohol is spinghosine, which contains a carbohydrate group

sphingophospholipids it is
sphingosine, which contains an amino group.

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12
Q 
Example of other complex lipids except:
A. Lipoproteins
B. Sulfolipids
C. Waxes
D. amino lipids
A

C. Waxes

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13
Q

formed from the hydrolysis of both simple and complex lipids.

A

Derived lipids

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14
Q

Which is untrue?
A. Derived lipids are formed from the hydrolysis of both simple and
complex lipids
B. They include fatty acids, glycerol, steroids, other
alcohols, fatty aldehydes, ketone bodies,
hydrocarbons, lipid-soluble vitamins and micronutrients, and
hormones.
C. Some of these (eg, free fatty acids, glycerol) also act as
precursor lipids in the formation of simple and complex lipids.
D. Because they are uncharged, acylglycerols (glycerides), cholesterol, and
cholesteryl esters are termed neutral lipids.
E. None of the above

A

E. None of the above

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15
Q

Which is correct?
A. Fatty acids occur in the body mainly as esters in natural fats and oils, but are found in the esterified form as free fatty acids, a transport form in
the plasma
B. Fatty acids that occur in natural fats usually contain an odd
number of carbon atoms.
C. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids
D. The head may be saturated (containing no double bonds) or unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds)

A

C. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids

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16
Q

The naming system in which systematic nomenclature names the fatty acid
after the hydrocarbon with the same number and arrangement of carbon
atoms, with -oic being substituted for the final -e

A

Genevan system

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17
Q

end in -anoic

A

saturated acids

for example, octanoic acid (C8),

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18
Q

end in -enoic

A 
unsaturated acids with double bonds
octadecenoic acid (oleic acid, C18).
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19
Q

Which is true?
A. Carbon atoms are numbered from the carboxyl carbon (carbon no. 1).
B. The carbon atoms adjacent to the carboxyl carbon (nos. 2, 3, and 4) are
also known as the α, β, and γ carbons, respectively, and the terminal
methyl carbon is known as the ω- or n-carbon.
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

A

C. All of the above

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20
Q

Which statement is incorrect?
A. Δ9 indicates a double bond
between carbons 9 and 10 of the fatty acid
B. ω9 indicates a double bond on
the ninth carbon counting from the ω-carbon
C. In plants, additional double
bonds can be introduced only between an existing double bond at the ω9, ω6, or ω3 position and the carboxyl carbon, leading to three series of fatty
acids known as the ω9, ω6, and ω3 families,
D. None of the above

A

C. In animals, additional double
bonds can be introduced only between an existing double bond at the ω9, ω6, or ω3 position and the carboxyl carbon, leading to three series of fatty
acids known as the ω9, ω6, and ω3 families,

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21
Q

Which is incorrect?
A. Saturated Fatty Acids Contain No Double Bonds
B. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More Double Bonds
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

A

D. None of the above

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22
Q

What fatty acid contains 4 C atoms that can be find in certain fats in small amounts (especially butter). It is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organism

A

Butyric

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23
Q

How many carbon atom is Acetic acid?

A

2

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24
Q

How many carbon atom in Valeric acid?

A

5

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25
Q

6 carbon fatty acid

A

Caproic acid?

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26
Q

How many carbon atom in Lauric acid?

A

12

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27
Q

Can be found in spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurel, butter

A

Lauric Acid

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28
Q

14 carbon fatty acid

can be found in nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, butter

A

myristic

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29
Q

16 carbon fatty acid

A

Palmitic

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30
Q

How many carbon is Stearic Acid

A

18

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31
Q 
All are one double bond unsaturated fatty acid except?
A. Palmitoleic
B. Oleic
C. Elaidic
D. Linoleic
A

D. Linoleic

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32
Q

Systemic name for Elaidic Acid which is a C18 with double bond on 1;9 carbon atoms

A

trans-9-octadecenoic

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33
Q

Under w7 family of fatty acid that can be found in nearly all fats

A

Palmitoleic

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34
Q 
All are under w3 family except:
A. Cervonic
B. Timnodonic
C. a-Linolenic
D. y-Linolenic
A

D. y-Linolenic

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35
Q 
All are under w9 except
A. Oleic
B. Elaidic
C. None of the above
D. All of the above
A

C. None of the above

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36
Q

containing one double bond

A

Monounsaturated

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37
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

containing two or

more double bonds.

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38
Q

derived from eicosa (20-carbon)

polyenoic fatty acids

A

Eicosanoids

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39
Q 
Eicosanoids comprises of all except:
A. Prostanoids 
B. Leukotrienes
C. Lipoxins
D. None of the above
A

D. None of the above

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40
Q 
Prostanoids is/are:
A. Prostglandins
B. Prostacyclins 
C. Thromboxanes 
D. All of the above
A

D. All of the above

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41
Q

exist in virtually every mammalian tissue, acting as local hormones; they have important physiologic and pharmacologic
activities.

A

Prostaglandins

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42
Q

Which statement is incorrect?
A. Prostaglandins are synthesized in vivo by cyclization of the center of the carbon chain of 20-carbon (eicosanoic) polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg, arachidonic acid) to form a cyclopentane ring
B. A related series of compounds, the thromboxanes, have the cyclopentane ring interrupted with an oxygen atom (oxane ring)
C. Three different eicosanoic fatty acids give rise to three groups of eicosanoids
characterized by the number of double bonds in the side chains
D. Different substituent groups attached to the rings give rise to series of prostaglandins and thromboxanes labeled 1, 2, etc

A

D. Different substituent groups attached to the rings give rise to series of prostaglandins and thromboxanes labeled 1, 2, etc

should be

Different substituent groups attached to the rings give rise to series of prostaglandins and thromboxanes labeled A, B, etc

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43
Q

Which statement is correct?
A. the “F” type of prostaglandin has a keto group in position 9
B. the “F” type has a hydroxyl group in position 9
C. The leukotrienes and lipoxins are a third group of eicosanoid
derivatives formed via the cyclooxygenase pathway
D. Thromboxanes cause bronchoconstriction as well as being potent proinflammatory agents, and play a part in asthma.

A

B. the “F” type has a hydroxyl group in position 9

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44
Q

Which is/are true?
A. The carbon chains of saturated fatty acids form a zigzag pattern when
extended at low temperatures
B. A type of geometric
isomerism occurs in unsaturated fatty acids, depending on the orientation
of atoms or groups around the axes of double bonds, which do not allow
rotation
C. At higher temperatures, some
bonds rotate, causing chain shortening, which explains why biomembranes
become thinner with increases in temperature
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

D. All of the above

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45
Q

Which is correct?
A. If the acyl chains are on the same side of the bond, it is trans-,
B. if on opposite sides, it is trans-,
C. Double bonds in naturally occurring
unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are nearly all in the trans configuration,
the molecules being “bent” 120° at the double bond.
D. elaidic acid, is a cis isomer

A

B. if on opposite sides, it is trans-

46
Q

present in certain foods, arising as a by-product of the saturation of fatty acids during hydrogenation, or “hardening,” of
natural oils in the manufacture of margarine.

A

Trans fatty acids

47
Q

Which is true:
A. Consumption of trans fatty acids is not known to be detrimental to health
and is associated with increased risk of diseases including cardiovascular
disease and diabetes mellitus.
B. The melting points of even-numbered carbon fatty acids increase with
chain length and decrease according to unsaturation.
C. A triacylglycerol containing three saturated fatty acids of 12 or more carbons is liquid at body temperature
D. if the fatty acid residues are saturated, it is liquid to below 0°C

A

B. The melting points of even-numbered carbon fatty acids increase with
chain length and decrease according to unsaturation.

48
Q

Which statement is incorrect?
A. Long-chain ω3 fatty acids such as α-linolenic (ALA) (found in plant oils),
eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (found in fish oil), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) (found in fish and algal oils) have anti-inflammatory effects
B. diets rich in ω3 fatty acids
are beneficial, particularly for cardiovascular disease, but also for other
chronic degenerative diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and
Alzheimer disease.
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

A

D. None of the above

49
Q

esters of the trihydric alcohol

glycerol and fatty acids

A

triacylglycerols

50
Q

Many phospholipids are derivatives of __________ in which the phosphate is esterified with one OH group of glycerol and the other two OH groups are esterified to two long-chain fatty acids
(glycerophospholipids)

A

phosphatidic acid

51
Q

important as an intermediate

in the synthesis of triacylglycerols as well as phosphoglycerols but is not found in any great quantity in tissues

A

phosphatidic acid

52
Q

______ such
as sphingomyelin, in which the phosphate is esterified to sphingosine, a complex amino alcohol , are also important membrane components

A

Sphingolipids

53
Q

Which statement is not true:

A. Both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids have two longchain hydrocarbon tails which are important for their function in forming the lipid bilayer in cell membranes

B. Both tail of glycerophospholipid are fatty acid chains

C. For spingolipids one is a fatty acid and the second is
part of the sphingosine molecule

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

E. None of the above

54
Q

important in nervous transmission, as

acetylcholine, and as a store of labile methyl groups

A

Choline

55
Q

This is glycerophospholipids containing choline , are the most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represent a large proportion of the
body’s store of choline

A

(phosphatidylcholines, commonly called lecithins)

56
Q

is a very effective surface-active agent and a major constituent of the surfactant preventing adherence, due to surface tension, of the inner surfaces of the lungs.

A

Dipalmitoyl lecithin

57
Q

absence of Dipalmitoyl lecithin from the lungs of premature infants causes

A

respiratory distress syndrome.

58
Q

True or false:

Most phospholipids have a saturated acyl radical in the sn-1 position but an unsaturated radical in the
sn-2 position of glycerol.

A

True

59
Q

plays a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death).

A

Phosphatidylserine

60
Q

minor components of cell membranes, but play an

important part in cell signaling and membrane trafficking.

A

Phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols

phosphoinositides

61
Q

cleaved into diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate upon stimulation by a suitable hormone agonist, and both of these act as internal signals or second messengers.

A

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PiP2)

62
Q

Is a Major Lipid of Mitochondrial

Membranes

A

Cardiolipin

63
Q

Phosphatidic acid is a precursor of phosphatidylglycerol, which in turn
gives rise to _________

A

cardiolipin

64
Q

This phospholipid is found only in

mitochondria and is essential for the mitochondrial function

A

cardiolipin

65
Q

These diseases happen when decreased
cardiolipin levels or alterations in its structure or metabolism happens, except:

A.  mitochondrial dysfunction in aging 
B. heart failure,
C. hypothyroidism
D. Barth syndrome (cardioskeletal
myopathy).
E. All of the above
F. None of the above.
A

F. None of the above.

66
Q

These are phosphoacylglycerols containing only one acyl radical, which is important in the metabolism and interconversion of phospholipids

A

Lysophospholipids

67
Q

This compound is also found in oxidized lipoproteins and has been implicated in some of their effects in promoting atherosclerosis.

A

Lysophospholipids

68
Q

These compounds constitute as much as 10 to 30% of the phospholipids of brain and heart.

A

Plasmalogens

69
Q

resemble phosphatidylethanolamine but possess an ether link on the sn-1 carbon instead of the ester link found in acylglycerols.

A

Plasmalogens

70
Q

True of plasmalogens:

A. Typically, the alkyl radical is an unsaturated alcohol

B. choline, serine, or inositol may be substituted for ethanolamine.

C. The function of plasmalogens remain poorly understood, but it has been suggested that
they may have a protective effect against reactive oxygen species.

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

A

D. All of the above

71
Q

major glycolipids found in animal tissues are

A

glycosphingolipids

72
Q

They contain ceramide and one or more sugars

A

glycosphingolipids

73
Q

is a major glycosphingolipid of brain and other nervous
tissue, found in relatively low amounts elsewhere.
It contains a number of characteristic C24 fatty acids, for example, cerebronic acid.

A

Galactosylceramide

74
Q

Galactosylceramide can be converted to sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) which has a sulfo group attached to the O in the three position
of galactose and is present in high amounts in _____

A

myelin

75
Q

resembles galactosylceramide, but the head group is glucose rather than galactose

A

Glucosylceramide

76
Q

the predominant simple glycosphingolipid of extraneural tissues

A

Glucosylceramide

77
Q

are complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contain in
addition one or more molecules of a sialic acid

A

Gangliosides

78
Q

is the principal sialic acid found in human tissues.

A

Neuraminic acid (NeuAc )

79
Q

They function in cell–cell recognition and communication

and as receptors for hormones and bacterial toxins such as cholera toxin.

A

Gangliosides

80
Q

The simplest ganglioside found in tissues is _________ which contains ceramide, one molecule of glucose, one molecule of galactose, and one molecule of NeuAc.

A

GM3

81
Q

a more complex ganglioside derived from GM3, is of considerable biologic interest, as it is known to be the receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin.

A

GM1

82
Q

What does G M and the subscript means?

A

G represents
ganglioside

M is a monosialo-containing species;

and the subscript 3 is a
number assigned on the basis of chromatographic migration

83
Q

It is the precursor of a large number of equally important steroids that include the bile acids, adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones, vitamin D, and cardiac glycosides

A

cholesterol

84
Q

All steroids have a similar cyclic nucleus resembling phenanthrene (rings A, B, and C) to which a ____________ is attached

A

cyclopentane ring (D)

85
Q

Which of the following is not true:

A. Each of the six-carbon rings of the steroid nucleus is capable of existing in the three-dimensional conformation either of a “chair” or a “boat”

B. In naturally occurring steroids, virtually all the rings are in the “chair” form, which is the more stable conformation.

C. the rings can only be cis

D. The methyl groups attached to C10
and C13 are invariably in the β configuration.

E. All of the above

F. None of the above

A

C

With respect to each other, the rings can be either cis or trans

86
Q

Which is true?

A. The junction between the A and B rings may be cis or trans in naturally occurring steroids.

B. The junction between B and C is trans, as is usually the C/D junction.

C. The A ring of a 5α steroid (ie, the hydrogen at position 5 is in the α configuration) is always
trans to the B ring, whereas it is cis in a 5β steroid (ie, the hydrogen at position 5 is in the β configuration).

D. The methyl groups attached to C10 and C13 are invariably in the β configuration.

E. All of the above

F. None of the above

A

E. All of the above

87
Q

is widely distributed in all cells of the body

but particularly in nervous tissue. It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins

A

Cholesterol

88
Q

It is often found as ______________ where the hydroxyl group on position 3 is esterified with a long-chain fatty acid. It occurs in animals but not in
plants or bacteria.

A

cholesteryl ester

89
Q

Is a Precursor of Vitamin D

A

Ergosterol

90
Q

occurs in plants and yeast and is important as a dietary source of vitamin D

A

Ergosterol

91
Q

Which is correct?

A. When irradiated with ultraviolet light in the
skin, ring A is opened to form vitamin D2

B. When irradiated with ultraviolet light in the
skin, ring B is opened to form vitamin D2

C. When irradiated with ultraviolet light in the
skin, ring C is opened to form vitamin D2

D. All of the above

E. None of the aboe

A

B

When irradiated with ultraviolet light in the
skin, ring B is opened to form vitamin D2 in a process similar to the one
that forms vitamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin

92
Q

are not steroids but are related to them because they are synthesized, like cholesterol from five-carbon isoprene units

A

Polyprenoids

93
Q

The process in which exposed to oxygen is responsible not only for deterioration of foods (rancidity), but also for damage to tissues in vivo, where it may be a cause of cancer, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and aging.

A

Peroxidation (auto-oxidation) of lipids

94
Q

molecules that have unpaired valence electrons,

making them highly reactive.

A

free radicals

95
Q

Free radicals containing oxygen (eg, ROO•,

RO•, OH•) are termed

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS).

96
Q

produced during peroxide formation from fatty acids containing
methylene-interrupted double bonds, that is, those found in the naturally
occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS).

97
Q

is a chain reaction in which free radicals formed in the initiation stage in turn generate more (propagation), and thus it has potentially devastating
effects.

A

Lipid peroxidation

98
Q

only formed by fatty acids with three or more double bonds and is used as a measure of lipid peroxidation together with ethane from the terminal two carbons of ω3 fatty acids and pentane from the terminal five carbons of ω6 fatty acids.

A

Malondialdehyde

99
Q

correct sequence of lipid peroxidation:

A

initiation, propagation, termination

100
Q

are used to control and reduce lipid peroxidation, both by humans in their activities and in nature.

A

Antioxidants

101
Q

All are antioxidant except:

A. Propyl gallate
B. butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
C. butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
D. Tocopherol
E. All of the above 
F. None of the above
A

F. None of the above

102
Q

True of antioxidant except:

A. vitamin E (tocopherol) is lipid soluble,
B. vitamin E (tocopherol) is water soluble soluble,
C. vitamin C is water soluble
D. urate is water soluble
E. All of the above
F. None of the above

A

B.

because:

vitamin E (tocopherol) is lipid soluble,

103
Q

Antioxidants fall into two classes:

A

preventive and chain-breaking antioxidants,

104
Q

which reduce the rate of chain initiation

A

preventive

antioxidants

105
Q

interfere with chain propagation

A

chain-breaking antioxidants,

106
Q

True of Preventive antioxidants:

A. include catalase
B. glutathione peroxidase that react with ROOH
C. In vivo, the principal chain-breaking antioxidants are superoxide dismutase, which acts in the aqueous phase to trap superoxide free radicals
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

D. All of the above

107
Q

True of peroxidation:

A. Peroxidation is also catalyzed in vivo by heme compounds and by lipoxygenases found in platelets and leukocytes.

B. Other products of auto-oxidation or enzymic oxidation of physiologic significance include oxysterols (formed from cholesterol) and the prostaglandin-like isoprostanes (formed from the peroxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid) which are used as reliable markers of oxidative stress in humans.

C. All of the above

D. None of the above

A

C. All of the above

108
Q

are used as reliable markers of oxidative stress in humans.

A

isoprostanes (formed from the peroxidation of

polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid)

109
Q

True of lipids:

A. lipids are insoluble in water since they contain a predominance of nonpolar (hydrocarbon) groups

B. fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, bile salts, and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol contain polar
groups.

C. a part of the molecule is hydrophobic, or water
insoluble, and a part is hydrophilic, or water soluble. Such molecules are described as amphipathic

D. A bilayer of such amphipathic lipids is the basic
structure in biologic membranes

E. All of the above

F. None of the above

A

E. All of the above

110
Q

When a critical concentration of these lipids is present in an aqueous medium, they form

A

micelles

111
Q

may be formed by sonicating an amphipathic lipid in

an aqueous medium.

A

Liposomes

112
Q

are much larger particles, formed usually by nonpolar lipids in an aqueous medium.

A

Emulsions

BIOCHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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