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Concepts of Biochem > LIPIDS: Notes, Homework, Tophat > Flashcards

LIPIDS: Notes, Homework, Tophat Flashcards

1
Q

A silicon atom has _____ for an oxygen atom than for another silicon atom, which is why the bond dissociation energy for SiO2 is ____as compared to that of Si-Si

A

more affinity, greater

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2
Q

In eukaryotes synthesizing a lipid involves ____, and making fatty acids involves _______.

A

Golgi complex, ER

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3
Q

Are waxes a class of membrane lipid

A

no

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4
Q

What do glycolipids and triacylglycerols have in common?

A

both contain amphipathic fatty acids

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5
Q

what is a lipid that is a phospholipid with two acids and a glycerol platform

A

phosphoglyceride

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6
Q

what is a lipid that is a phospholipid with one fatty acid and a sphingosine platform

A

sphingolipid

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7
Q

what is the lipid with one fatty acid; found in animal cell membrane

A

glycosphingolipid

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8
Q

what is the lipid with a glycolipid with two fatty acids; found in plant cell membranes

A

glycoglycerolipid

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9
Q

T/F: Lateral diffusion is common but transverse diffusion is rare

A

true

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10
Q

Which of the following is the hydrogen bond?

A

blue dotted line, water connecting to the open orbitals of the oxygen

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11
Q

Where do you usually start counting if we want to determine a FA’s number designation

A

By the end with carboxylic acid, double bond connected to carbon

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12
Q

If we wanted to synthesize a lipid with the greatest/ highest possible melting point, we should pick

A

lauric acid (12:0), more carbons but no double bonds
-we don’t want 12:3, 10:1, 8:0

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13
Q

What do phospholipids and steroids have in common?

A

both have naturally-occurring membrane lipids
-NOT
-both are polar molecules stored within adipocytes
-both have sphingosine and an alcohol group
-both have cyclic structure with a steroid nucleus

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14
Q

T/F: Membranes are stabilized by covalent bonds between phospholipids

A

false- noncovalent bonds

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15
Q

Polyphosphoinositides are a type of phospholipid. They comprise about 1% of the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the plasma membrane but are absent from the outer (extracellular) leaflet. This is an example of:

A

membrane asymmetry

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16
Q

True or false: Molecules moving via simple diffusion require protein transporters.

A

false

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17
Q

Glycosphingolipid GM3 is found in both the outer (extracellular) and inner (cytoplasmic) leaflets of the malaria parasite’s plasma membrane. GM3’s negative charge is countered by positively-charged sodium ions in the interstitial space, but retained within the cell. This is an example of:

A

membrane polarity

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18
Q

What is this transport: Polar nucleosides moving with the concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

What type of transport: Cardiolipin (a phospholipid) moving from one membrane leaflet to the other

A

Transverse diffusion

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20
Q

What type of transport: Water moving from low (1%) to high (5%) salt concentration

A

Osmosis

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21
Q

Biomolecules are ____ based polymers

A

carbon

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22
Q

What is a polymer?

A

a large molecule composed of many repeating monomers

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23
Q

monomer must be _____ in a polymer

A

interlinked/ directly connected to one another

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24
Q

What are the major elements of life

A

CHNOPS

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25
Q

what are the three molecules that are the majority of atoms in an organism?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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26
Q

Why is carbon so versatile?

A
  • has an open outer shell, stops at the second shell with 6 electrons
    -has an affinity for oxygen/ good bond dissociation
    -has a good bond dissociation energy
    -decent electronegativity
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27
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

sharing of electron pairs between atoms, strong bonds

28
Q

what are noncovalent interactions?

A

variations in electromagnetic interactions within a molecule or between molecules, weaker than covalent bonds

29
Q

compare and contrasts the cell wall/ membrane

A

cell wall:
- present in all prokaryotic and some eukaryotic cells
-think/ rigid structure, primary made from carbs

membrane:
-present in ALL pro/eukaryotic cells
-thin flexible structure composed of lipids
-important for signal transduction pathway

30
Q

what is an organelle? what are the made of?

A

a membrane-bound compartment within a eukaryotic cell, composed primarily of lipids
-allow biochemical functions to be sequestered

31
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

-largest organelle
-where DNA is synthesized and stored
-double membrane, outer membrane punctuated with pores
-important in eukaryotic transcription

32
Q

describe the Mitochondrion

A

the primary site of ATP generation
-important for cellular respiration
-double membrane, inner membrane, is highly invaginated(folded)
-retains own genome

33
Q

describe the ER

A

-resides in the cytoplasm, single membrane
-Unsaturated FA synthesis and translation in eukaryotes

34
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

has ribosomes, helps synthesize and process proteins

35
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes, helps process exogenous chemicals

36
Q

describe the Golgi complex

A

-stacked, flatted membranes in one single membrane
-helps sort and process proteins (carbs may be added here)
-Synthesis of some LIPIDS
-proteins transported into the golgi by transport vesicles

37
Q

What are the lipid monomers

A

fatty acids

38
Q

In clinical trials, the drug Troglitazone has shown promise as an oral medication for people with Type II diabetes. Troglitazone stimulates the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), thereby lowering blood-sugar levels. Consequently, this drug stimulates the insulin signal transduction pathway by:

A

activating the pathway’s effector molecule

39
Q

GLUT4 is classified as an insulin-responsive transporter because it:

A

only inserts itself in the membrane when the insulin signal transduction pathway is active

40
Q

The term “lipase” describes enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis / breakdown of fats. Would it be appropriate to use the term “lipase” if the enzyme cleaved a different biomolecule, like proteins?

A

No, it would not be.

41
Q

What do gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase have in common?

A

Both generate free fatty acids via cleavage.

42
Q

True or false: Insulin stimulates the adipose tissue to hydrolyze / break apart triacylglycerols.

A

This is false.

43
Q

Shortening of the hydrocarbon chain happens In which step of the β-oxidation pathway?

A

Step 4 (thiolysis by coenzyme A)

44
Q

True or false: The human body can metabolize unsaturated fatty acids.

A

This is true.

45
Q

What do the beta-oxidation pathway and ketolysis have in common?

A

Both generate acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

46
Q

What is this type of transport: Lipophilic estradiol moving against the concentration gradient

A

active transport with a pump

47
Q

what is this type of transport: Carbon monoxide gas (CO) moving with the concentration gradient

A

simple diffusion

48
Q

what is this type of transport: Zinc ions (Zn2+) moving with the concentration gradient

A

facilitated diffusion with a channel

49
Q

What do transporters and receptors have in common?

A

Both are integral membrane proteins that facilitate cellular functions.

50
Q

The drug Raloxifene is often prescribed to post-menopausal women for the prevention of breast cancer. Raloxifene attaches to the estrogen receptor, thereby preventing the ligand estradiol from binding. Consequently, this drug suppresses the estrogen signal transduction pathway by

A

Competing with the primary messenger

51
Q

Shutting down the insulin signal transduction pathway involves dephosphorylating:

A

The second messenger

52
Q

Which statement about metabolic pathways is true?

A

Metabolic pathways share intermediates, but not regulatory enzymes.

53
Q

True or false: Digestive enzymes break noncovalent bonds within lipid-containing foods.

A

false

54
Q

Dietary lipid digestion involves gastric lipase, bile salts, and pancreatic lipase.

For each molecule listed, indicate where in the human body it participates in digestion.
-gastric lipase
-bile salts
-pancreatic lipase

A

-stomach, small intestine, small intestine

55
Q

The correct order for the series of repeating reactions in the β–oxidation pathway is:

A

Oxidation, hydration, oxidation and thiolysis

56
Q

(even molecule) Metabolizing the fatty acid shown below would involve _______. The final thiolysis products would be ________

A

peroxisome and mitochondria and two acetyl CoA

57
Q

Does the β–oxidation pathway involve any coenzymes?

A

Yes, it involves both NAD+ and FAD.

58
Q

Glycerol metabolism generates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a product that can enter cellular respiration via _______

A

glycolysis

59
Q

Lengthening of the hydrocarbon chain happens In which step of the fatty acid synthetic pathway?

A

step 1 condensation

60
Q

True or false: The human body can synthesize trans-unsaturated fatty acids.

A

this is false

61
Q

Of the four major classes of lipids, which two can be synthesized by most cells in the human body?

A

Phospholipid and glycolipid

62
Q

True or false: The human body can metabolize unsaturated fatty acids.

A

this is true

63
Q

What do the beta-oxidation pathway and ketolysis have in common?

A

Both generate acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

64
Q

True or false: Insulin stimulates the adipose tissue to hydrolyze / break apart triacylglycerols.

A

false

65
Q

What do gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase have in common?

A

Both generate free fatty acids via cleavage.

66
Q

Shortening of the hydrocarbon chain happens In which step of the β-oxidation pathway?

A

Step 4 (thiolysis by coenzyme A)

Concepts of Biochem (8 decks)

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