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BIOMOL > Lipids Chap 1 > Flashcards

Lipids Chap 1 Flashcards

1
Q

lipids do not have a ________________ that serves as the basis for defining such compounds.

A

common structural feature

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2
Q

Instead, their characterization is based on ___________.

A

solubility characteristics

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3
Q

Greek word _____, meaning “fat” or “lard”)

A

lipos

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4
Q

organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in
nonpolar organic solvents.

A

lipids

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5
Q

When a _______________ is homogenized in a blender and mixed with a nonpolar organic solvent, the substances that dissolve in the solvent are the lipids.

A

biochemical material (human, animal, or plant tissue)

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6
Q

Lipids may be subdivided into four main types

A

Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated), Glycerides (glycerol-containing lipids), Nonglyceride lipids (sphingolipids, steroids,
waxes), Complex lipids (lipoproteins)

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7
Q

__________ are found in many types of lipids.

A

Fatty acids

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8
Q

7 Biological Functions of Lipids

A
  1. Energy source (triacylglycerols)
  2. Energy storage (tricaylglycerols)
  3. Cell membrane structural components
  4. Hormones (steroid hormones and eicosanoids)
  5. Vitamins and vitamin absorption
  6. Protection (biological waxes)
  7. Insulation
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9
Q

Proteins calorific value

A

4 kcal/g

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10
Q

Carbohydrates calorific value

A

4 kcal/g

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11
Q

Fats calorific value

A

9 kcal/g

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12
Q

Excellent source of energy just like carbohydrates

A

Energy source (triacylglycerols)

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13
Q

When _____, each gram of fat produce _____ times per gram of carbohydrate

A

oxidized, more than twice/two

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14
Q

Most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of lipids (________).

A

triglycerides

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15
Q

Stored in fat cells called ______ which are rich source of energy for the body.

A

adipocytes

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16
Q

the 3 basic structure of all cell membranes.

A

Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids

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17
Q

These membranes control the flow of molecules into and out of cells and allow cell-to-cell communication.

A

Cell Membranes (Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids)

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18
Q

combination of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs.

A

Pulmonary surfactant

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19
Q

allows efficient gas exchange across the membranes of the alveolar cells; oxygen can more easily diffuse from the air into the tissues, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse from the tissues into the air.

A

Pulmonary surfactant

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20
Q

Without pulmonary surfactant, gas exchange in the lungs is ________.

A

very poor

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21
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is not produced until

A

early in the sixth month of pregnancy

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22
Q

Premature babies born before they have begun secretion of
natural surfactant suffer from

A

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

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23
Q

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

caused by the severe difficulty they have obtaining enough oxygen from the air that they breathe.

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24
Q

administered directly into the trachea.

A

fine aerosol of an artificial surfactant

25
Q

critical chemical messengers that allow tissues of the body to communicate with one another.

A

steroid hormones

26
Q

exert strong biological effects on both the cells that produce them and other cells of the body.

A

prostaglandins

27
Q

can reduce pain, fever and other types of inflammation by inhibiting the COX enzymes.

A

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

28
Q

lipid-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K

29
Q

regulation of several critical biological processes, including blood clotting and vision.

A

lipid-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K

30
Q

serves as a carrier of the lipid-soluble vitamins.

A

Dietary fat

31
Q

a diet that is ______ can result in a deficiency of these four vitamins.

A

too low in fat (less than 20% of calories)

32
Q

Fats serve as a ______, or protective layer, for the vital organs.

A

shock absorber

33
Q

About ___ of the total body fat is reserved for this critical function.

A

4%

34
Q

serves to insulate the body from extremes of cold temperatures.

A

subcutaneous fat

35
Q

A hydrolysis reaction that occurs in basic solution; a lipid can be broken down into smaller units through reaction with water (hydrolysis) under basic conditions.

A

Saponification reaction

36
Q

Two categories of lipids based on hydrolysis

A
  1. Saponifiable lipids
  2. Nonsaponifiable lipids
37
Q

Saponifiable lipids:

A

triacylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and biological waxes

38
Q

Nonsaponifiable lipids:

A

cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, and
eicosanoids

39
Q

converted into two or more smaller molecules when hydrolysis occurs.

A

Saponifiable lipids

40
Q

cannot be broken up into smaller units since they do not react with water.

A

Nonsaponifiable lipids

41
Q

•are long-chain monocarboxylic acids
• generally contain an even number of carbon atoms as a consequence of their biosynthesis
• follows the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH (saturated fatty acids), in which n in biological systems is an even number.
• are rarely found free in nature but rather occur as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecules.

A

Fatty acids

42
Q

is one that contains at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

A

unsaturated fatty acid

43
Q

CH3(CH2)14COOH

A

Fatty Acids: Saturated

44
Q

The double bonds found in almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are in the

A

cis-configuration

45
Q

The double bonds found in almost all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis-configuration that puts a rigid ___ bend in the chain.

A

30°

46
Q

the double bonds are __________ in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

not randomly located

47
Q

is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon–carbon double bond is present.

A

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

48
Q

is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds are present.

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

49
Q

Up to ________ are found in biochemically important PUFAs.

A

six double bonds

50
Q

18:0 denotes a C18 fatty acid with

A

no double bonds

51
Q

18:2 signifies a C18 PUFA in which

A

two double bonds

52
Q

18:3(Δ9,12,15) denotes a C18 PUFA with

A

three double bonds at locations between carbons 9 and 10, 12 and 13, and 15 and 16

53
Q

MUFAs are usually _____, and the first two additional double bonds in
PUFAs are generally at the ____, and _____locations.

A

Δ9 acids, Δ12, and Δ15

54
Q

A notable exception to this generalization is the biochemically important arachidonic acid,

A

a PUFA with the structural parameters 20:4(Δ5,8,11,14)

55
Q

exist when double-bond position is specified relative to the methyl (noncarboxyl) end of the fatty acid carbon chain.

A

“families” of unsaturated fatty acids

56
Q

“families” of unsaturated fatty acids exist when double-bond position is
specified relative to the ________ end of the fatty acid
carbon chain.

A

methyl (noncarboxyl) end

57
Q

is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.

A

Omega-3 FA

58
Q

is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end.

A

Omega-6 FA

BIOMOL (1 decks)

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