Lipids and Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 1

A carbohydrate made up of a single sugar residue

Question 2

What is a disaccaride?

Answer 2

A carb made up of two sugar residues

Question 3

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 3

A carb made up of numerous sugar residues

Question 4

What is an aldose?

Answer 4

A carb whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde

Question 5

What is a ketose?

Answer 5

A carb whose carbonyl group is a ketone

Question 6

Lipid

Answer 6

A biomolecule that is largely hydrophobic and thus insoluble in water

Question 7

Fatty acid

Answer 7

a carboxylic with a long hydrocarbon side chain

Question 8

Amphiphilic/amphipathic

Answer 8

a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

Question 9

Saturated

Answer 9

A fatty acid that is fully reduced (only single bonds)

Question 10

Unsaturated

Answer 10

A fatty acid containing double bonds (has kinks)

Question 11

Furanose

Answer 11

A five-membered ring heterocycle

Question 12

Pyranose

Answer 12

A six-membered ring heterocycle

Question 13

Glyceraldehyde

Answer 13

C3H6O3

Question 14

Glycerol

Answer 14

C3H8O3

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

C6H12O6 (epimer of galactose)

Question 16

Galactose

Answer 16

C6H12O6 (epimer of glucose)

Question 17

Fructose

Answer 17

C6H12O6 (structural isomer of glucose and galactose)

Question 18

Lauric Acid

Answer 18

Saturated
12:0
CH3(CH2)10COOH

Question 19

Palmitic Acid

Answer 19

Saturated
16:0
CH3(CH2)14COOH

Question 20

Stearic Acid

Answer 20

Saturated
18:0
CH3(CH2)16COOH

Question 21

Palmitoleic Acid

Answer 21

Unsaturated
16:1n-7
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

Question 22

Linoleic acid

Answer 22

Unsaturated
18:2n-6
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH

Question 23

Arachidonic Acid

Answer 23

Unsaturated
20:4n-6
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH

Question 24

EPA

Answer 24

Unsaturated
20:5n-3
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH

Question 25

DHA

Answer 25

Unsaturated 22:6n-3 H3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6CH2COOH

Question 26

alpha anomer

Answer 26

OH is on the opposite side of the ring as the C6 carbon (trans)

Question 27

beta anomer

Answer 27

OH is on the same side of the ring as the C6 carbon (cis)

Question 28

anomeric carbon

Answer 28

always C1

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

* plant structure * beta linkages * every other glucose is inverted

Question 30

Amylose

Answer 30

* plant energy storage * alpha linkages that humans can digest * no branching but the chains have a helical structure - 8 glucose residues per turn

Question 31

Glycogen

Answer 31

* animal energy storage * alpha- 1,4 linkages create straight chain and alpha - 1,6 linkages create branching * branching increases glucose breakdown as enzymes can take glucose from multiple branches * helical shape

Question 32

How does saturation affect melting point?

Answer 32

* MP decreases with unsaturation (increase in double bonds) * the longer the saturated chain, the higher the melting point

Question 33

TAGs

Answer 33

* triglycerides: glycerol and three fatty acids * fatty acids are fed into beta oxidation -> longer the chain, the more energy it can produce * longer form of energy: hydrophobic and higher energy density per gram

Question 34

How is fluidity controlled?

Answer 34

* if temperature rises, cell membrane fluidity increases so the # of saturated fatty acids increases * if temperature decreases, cell membrane fluidity decreases so the # of unsaturated fatty acids increases

Question 35

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 35

* structure: glycerol attached to saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and polar head group * precursor: phosphatidic acid

Question 36

PIP2

Answer 36

* second messenger in a variety of signaling pathways * head group is cleaved and moved down to initiate and continue signaling cascade

Question 37

Sphingolipids

Answer 37

* structure: sphingosine attached to fatty acid and PO4- choline * precursor: ceramide

Question 38

Lateral Diffusion

Answer 38

* phospholipid moves next on same membrane * faster than transverse

Question 39

Transverse Diffusion

Answer 39

* phospholipid moves from one membrane to another side

Question 40

Flippase

Answer 40

* specific * ATP-driven * flips back inward * phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 41

Floppase

Answer 41

* specific * ATP-driven * flips back outward * sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine

Question 42

Scramblase

Answer 42

* non-specific bidirectional movement * Ca 2+ -> high levels of Ca 2+ triggers apoptosis and inhibits flippase and floppase

Question 43

Eicosanoids

Answer 43

* local hormones * derived from archidonic acid * autocrine and paracrine signaling * huge role in inflamatory responses

Question 44

Sterols

Answer 44

* global hormones * derived from cholesterol * endocrine signaling * plays a role in components of membranes and signaling across the body