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CHEM 153A > Lipids and Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Lipids and Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate made up of a single sugar residue

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2
Q

What is a disaccaride?

A

A carb made up of two sugar residues

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3
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carb made up of numerous sugar residues

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4
Q

What is an aldose?

A

A carb whose carbonyl group is an aldehyde

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5
Q

What is a ketose?

A

A carb whose carbonyl group is a ketone

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6
Q

Lipid

A

A biomolecule that is largely hydrophobic and thus insoluble in water

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7
Q

Fatty acid

A

a carboxylic with a long hydrocarbon side chain

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8
Q

Amphiphilic/amphipathic

A

a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

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9
Q

Saturated

A

A fatty acid that is fully reduced (only single bonds)

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10
Q

Unsaturated

A

A fatty acid containing double bonds (has kinks)

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11
Q

Furanose

A

A five-membered ring heterocycle

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12
Q

Pyranose

A

A six-membered ring heterocycle

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13
Q

Glyceraldehyde

A

C3H6O3

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14
Q

Glycerol

A

C3H8O3

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15
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6 (epimer of galactose)

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16
Q

Galactose

A

C6H12O6 (epimer of glucose)

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17
Q

Fructose

A

C6H12O6 (structural isomer of glucose and galactose)

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18
Q

Lauric Acid

A

Saturated
12:0
CH3(CH2)10COOH

19
Q

Palmitic Acid

A

Saturated
16:0
CH3(CH2)14COOH

20
Q

Stearic Acid

A

Saturated
18:0
CH3(CH2)16COOH

21
Q

Palmitoleic Acid

A

Unsaturated
16:1n-7
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

22
Q

Linoleic acid

A

Unsaturated
18:2n-6
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH

23
Q

Arachidonic Acid

A

Unsaturated
20:4n-6
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH

24
Q

EPA

A

Unsaturated
20:5n-3
CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH

25
Q

DHA

A

Unsaturated
22:6n-3
H3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6CH2COOH

26
Q

alpha anomer

A

OH is on the opposite side of the ring as the C6 carbon (trans)

27
Q

beta anomer

A

OH is on the same side of the ring as the C6 carbon (cis)

28
Q

anomeric carbon

A

always C1

29
Q

Cellulose

A
  • plant structure
  • beta linkages
  • every other glucose is inverted
30
Q

Amylose

A
  • plant energy storage
  • alpha linkages that humans can digest
  • no branching but the chains have a helical structure - 8 glucose residues per turn
31
Q

Glycogen

A
  • animal energy storage
  • alpha- 1,4 linkages create straight chain and alpha - 1,6 linkages create branching
  • branching increases glucose breakdown as enzymes can take glucose from multiple branches
  • helical shape
32
Q

How does saturation affect melting point?

A
  • MP decreases with unsaturation (increase in double bonds)
  • the longer the saturated chain, the higher the melting point
33
Q

TAGs

A
  • triglycerides: glycerol and three fatty acids
  • fatty acids are fed into beta oxidation -> longer the chain, the more energy it can produce
  • longer form of energy: hydrophobic and higher energy density per gram
34
Q

How is fluidity controlled?

A
  • if temperature rises, cell membrane fluidity increases so the # of saturated fatty acids increases
  • if temperature decreases, cell membrane fluidity decreases so the # of unsaturated fatty acids increases
35
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A
  • structure: glycerol attached to saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and polar head group
  • precursor: phosphatidic acid
36
Q

PIP2

A
  • second messenger in a variety of signaling pathways
  • head group is cleaved and moved down to initiate and continue signaling cascade
37
Q

Sphingolipids

A
  • structure: sphingosine attached to fatty acid and PO4- choline
  • precursor: ceramide
38
Q

Lateral Diffusion

A
  • phospholipid moves next on same membrane
  • faster than transverse
39
Q

Transverse Diffusion

A
  • phospholipid moves from one membrane to another side
40
Q

Flippase

A
  • specific
  • ATP-driven
  • flips back inward
  • phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine
41
Q

Floppase

A
  • specific
  • ATP-driven
  • flips back outward
  • sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine
42
Q

Scramblase

A
  • non-specific bidirectional movement
  • Ca 2+ -> high levels of Ca 2+ triggers apoptosis and inhibits flippase and floppase
43
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • local hormones
  • derived from archidonic acid
  • autocrine and paracrine signaling
  • huge role in inflamatory responses
44
Q

Sterols

A
  • global hormones
  • derived from cholesterol
  • endocrine signaling
  • plays a role in components of membranes and signaling across the body

CHEM 153A (3 decks)

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