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SP MCAT Biochem > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Phospholipids

A

contain a phosphate and alcohol that comprise the polar head group, joined to a hydrophobic fatty acid tail by phosphodiester linkages

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2
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A
  • tails that only have single bonds
  • carbon atom is considered saturated when it is bonded to 4 other atoms with no pi bonds
  • greater van der waals forces and stable overall structure
  • solid at room temperature
  • high melting point
  • decrease membrane fluidity
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3
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A
  • has one or more double bonds, or rings
  • liquid at room temperature
  • increase membrane fluidity
  • create kinks in chain so inhibition of stacking and solidifying
  • at low temperatures these help increase membrane fluidity
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4
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A
  • phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to two fatty acids and a phosphodiester linkage to a highly polar head group
  • named according to their head group
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5
Q

Sphingolipids

A
  • have a sphingosine or sphingoid backbone that is a long carbon chain that becomes one of the nonpolar tails of the lipid
  • long-chain nonpolar fatty acid tails and polar head groups
  • contain a phosphodiester linkage or glycosidic linkages to sugars
  • sites of biological recognition at cell surface
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6
Q

Glycolipid

A

any lipid linked to a sugar

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7
Q

What are the 4 subclasses of spingolipids?

A
  • ceramide
  • sphingomyelins/sphingophospholipids
  • glycosphingolipids
  • gangliosides
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8
Q

Ceramide

A

has a single hydrogen atom as its head group

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9
Q

Sphingomyelins

A
  • major component of cells that produce myelin

- type of sphingophospholipid

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10
Q

Sphingophospholipid

A
  • sphingolipids that are also phospholipids
  • head group is either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine so contain a phosphodiester bond
  • head groups don’t have a net charge
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11
Q

Glycosphingolipids

A
  • sphingolipids with head groups composed of sugars bonded by glycosidic linkages
  • type of glycolipid, not a phospholipid
  • found on outer surface of membrane
  • no net charge
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12
Q

Gangliosides

A
  • glycolipids with polar head groups made of oligosaccharides with one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) molecules at the terminus
  • contain glycosidic linkages
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13
Q

Waxes

A
  • contain long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols, do not have a polar head group
  • used as protection against evaporation and parasites in plants/animals
  • entirely nonpolar and hydrophobic
  • pliable solids at room temp
  • most soluble in pure organic solvents (“like dissolves like”)
  • prevent water loss across the plasma membrane
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14
Q

Terpenes

A
  • chemicals that are the metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules
  • lipids built from isoprene (C5H8) moieties
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15
Q

Monoterpenes

A
  • contain 2 isoprene units

- C10H16

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16
Q

Sesquiterpenes

A

contain 3 isoprene units

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17
Q

Diterpenes

A
  • contain 4 isoprene units

- Ex. Vitamin A

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18
Q

Triterpenes

A
  • contain 6 isoprene units

- can be converted to cholesterol and other steroids

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19
Q

Tetraterpenes

A
  • contain 8 isoprene units

- Ex. carotenoids

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20
Q

Terpenoids

A
  • isoprenoids
  • derivatives of terpenes that have undergone oxygenation or rearrangement of carbon skeleton
  • contribute to steroid biosynthesis
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21
Q

Steroids

A
  • signaling lipid
  • have 4 cyclo-alkane rings fused together
  • nonpolar
  • Ex. cholesterol
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22
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • secreted by endocrine glands into bloodstream then travel on protein carriers to distant sites
  • can alter gene expression levels and metabolism
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23
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • major component of phospholipid bilayer
  • mediates membrane fluidity
  • amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
  • precursor to steroid hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D
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24
Q

What does cholesterol do for the membrane at high temperatures?

A

keeps membrane intact by moving phospholipids closer together and thus decreasing membrane fluidity

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25
Q

What does cholesterol do for the membrane at low temperatures?

A

increases distance between phospholipids and thus increasing membrane fluidity

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26
Q

Progstaglandins

A
  • produced by nearly all cells in body
  • 20-carbon molecules with unsaturated carboxylic acid derived from arachidonic acid (contain one 5 carbon ring)
  • downstream effects including regulation of cAMP synthesis, smooth muscle function, influence on sleep-wake cycle, and increased body temperature
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27
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

28
Q

Vitamin

A
  • essential nutrient

- not adequately synthesized by body so must include in diet

29
Q

Vitamin A (Carotene)

A

-unsaturated, hydrocarbon important in vision, growth/development, immune function

30
Q

Retinal

A
  • metabolite of vitamin A
  • often bound to protein opsin
  • converts light energy in photons to chemical energy
31
Q

Retinol

A
  • storage form of vitamin A

- can be oxidized to retinoic acid (hormone that regulates gene expression during epithelial development)

32
Q

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

A

consumed and formed by UV light driven reaction in skin

33
Q

Calcitriol

A
  • form that the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D to
  • biologically active form of vitamin D
  • increases calcium and phosphate uptake in intestines
34
Q

Vitamin E

A
  • group of lipids called tocopherols (biological antioxidants) and tocotrienols
  • characterized by substituted aromatic ring with long isoprenoid side chain
  • hydrophobic
  • help prevent oxidative damage
35
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • vital to post-translational modifications required to form prothrombin (blood clotting factor)
  • required to introduce calcium-binding sites on calcium-dependent proteins
36
Q

Triacylglycerols

A
  • used for energy storage
  • oxidation of these results in 2x the amount of energy per gram as carbs
  • hydrophobic. insoluble in water
  • composed of 3 fatty acids bonded by ester linkages to glycerol
  • nonpolar
37
Q

Adipocytes

A

special cells in animals that store large amounts of fat

38
Q

Free Fatty Acids

A

unesterified fatty acids with free carboxylate group

39
Q

Saponification

A

ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base

40
Q

Surfactant

A
  • lowers the surface tension at the surface of a liquid

- serves as a detergent or emulsifier

41
Q

What phosphoglyceride is abundant in mitochondrial membranes?

A

Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin)

42
Q

12:0

A

Laurate

43
Q

14:0

A

Myristate

44
Q

16:0

A

Palmitate

45
Q

18:0

A

Stearate

46
Q

20:0

A

Arachidate

47
Q

16:1

A

Palmitoleate

48
Q

18:1

A

Oleate

49
Q

18:2

A

Linoleate

50
Q

20:4

A

Arachidonate

51
Q

What are the 10 common phosphoglycerides found in membranes?

A
  • Serine
  • Ethanolamine
  • Choline
  • Inositol
  • Glycerol
  • Phosphatidylcholine
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Phosphatidylserine
  • Phosphatidylinositol
  • Diphosphatidylglycerol
52
Q

What kind of bond is found in Triacylglycerol?

A

glycerol with 3 carbon chains bound by ESTER LINKAGES

53
Q

What is the general structure of a phospholipid?

A

glycerol, 2 FA tails, PO4 bonded to ROH (alcohol)

54
Q

What is the general structure of a Phosphatide?

A

glycerol, 2FAs, PO4

55
Q

What type of bond is found in Sphingomyelin?

A

Amide Link

56
Q

Which is more stable/less reactive, an amide link or an ester link?

A

Amide Link

57
Q

What does it mean to glycosylate a phospholipid?

A

add sugar (glycosylate) to a fat

58
Q

What is a cerebroside?

A
  • it is a phospholipid that has a sugar attached (glucose, galactose)
  • the sugar is almost always found on the extracellular side of the membrane
59
Q

All ___ hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid

60
Q

Cholesterol in the membrane ___ fluidity at high temperatures. It does this by increasing __ __ ___ interactions.

A
  • decreases

- van der waals

61
Q

The presence of cholesterol in the membrane __ boiling

A

prevents

62
Q

In general, cholesterol ___ membrane fluidity. It does this by ___ FA tails of lipids from packing and sticking together.

A
  • increases

- preventing

63
Q

Cholesterol is considered ___ because it has a polar -OH group, but is mostly nonpolar overall.

A

amphipathic

64
Q

Prostaglandins are ____ molecules derived from ___ ___

A
  • signaling

- fatty acids (specifically arachidonate)

65
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins are ___ for enzymes that are non-polar.

A

cofactors

SP MCAT Biochem (16 decks)

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