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BIOLOGY TOPIC 1.2 > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • A large group of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms.
  • They include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.
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2
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

An organic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain.

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3
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Is propane-1,2,3-triol, and important component of triglycerides.

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4
Q

What is an ester bond?

A

A bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol.

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5
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond.

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them.

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7
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

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8
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

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9
Q

What is esterification?

A

The formation of ester bonds.

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10
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A chemical in which glycerol bonds with two fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group.

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11
Q

What is a hydrophilic molecule?

A

Molecules that dissolve readily in water.

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12
Q

What is a hydrophobic molecule?

A

Molecules that won’t dissolve in water.

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13
Q

What is a monolayer?

A

A single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules.

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14
Q

What is a micelle?

A

A spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside.

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15
Q

What is a bilayer?

A

A double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules.

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16
Q

What is a unit membrane?

A

A bilayer structure formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment, with the hydrophobic tails in the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside.

17
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats are solid at room temperature and oils are liquid.

18
Q

Lipids contain a lower proportion over what than carbohydrates?

A

Oxygen.

19
Q

Fats and oils are made of two types of organic chemicals… which are combined using…

A

fatty acids and glycerol/ester bonds.

20
Q

Glycerol has the chemical formula?

A

C₃H₈O₃

21
Q

All fatty acids have …

A

A long hydrocarbon chain - a pleated backbone of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end.

22
Q

Living tissues contains more than how many different kinds of fatty acid?

A

70.

23
Q

Fatty acids vary in what two ways?

A
  • The length of the carbon chain (often 15-17 in organisms)

- May be saturated or unsaturated fatty acid.

24
Q

A fat or oil results when…

A

Glycerol combines with one, two or three fatty acids to form a monoglyceride, a triglyceride or a triglyceride.

25
Q

What happens when lipids are oxidised?

A

In respiration, bonds are broken and carbon dioxide and water are the ultimate products. This reaction can be used to drive the production of a lot of ATP.

26
Q

Triglycerides store about…

A

Three times as much energy as the same mass of carbohydrates.

27
Q

What are the key roles of lipids?

A
  • Hydrophobic nature is a key feature of waterproofing organisms.
  • Lipids are good insulators: a fatty sheath insulates your nerves so the electrical impulses travel faster.
  • Insulate animals against heat loss.
  • They have a lower density, so the body fat of water animals helps them float.
  • Lipids are insoluble in water, so lipids don’t interfere with water based reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell.
28
Q

Are lipids soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble in water, dissolve in organic solvents.

29
Q

What ions are present in the cytoplasm of every cell?

A

(-PO₄³⁻)

30
Q

How is a simple phospholipid formed?

A

Sometimes one of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol undergoes an esterification reaction with a phosphate group instead of with a fatty acid.

31
Q

The fatty acid chains of a phospholipid are…

A

neutral and insoluble in water.

32
Q

The phosphate head carries…

A

A small negative charge and is soluble in water.

33
Q

The polar phosphate head is…

A

hydrophilic and dissolves readily in water.

34
Q

The lipid tails..

A

are hydrophobic, so they don’t dissolve in water.

35
Q

Lipids containing saturated fatty acids…

A

are more likely to be solid at room temperature than those containing unsaturated fatty acids.

36
Q

When does a phospholipid monolayer form?

A

At a surface between air and water.

BIOLOGY TOPIC 1.2 (4 decks)

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