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Biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

This lipid is the major reserve energy in the body. (Our fat cells are filled with this too)

A

Triacylglycerols

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2
Q

These lipids play a big role in the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane. Allows what goes in and out.

A

Phospholipids

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3
Q

These lipids participate in lipid rafts, making localized areas in the membrane. Important for the structure of plasma membranes.

A

Sphingolipids

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4
Q

This lipid maintains membrane permeability (dissolvability), maintains fluidity. Also a precursor of steroid hormones.

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? And they are ______-based lipids.

A

A-D-E-K. Isoprene-based lipids

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6
Q

True or False, fats/lipids act as electrical insulators?

A

True, example are myelin sheaths in our ervous system.

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7
Q

Can lipids function as metabolic regulators or signaling molecules? If not why?

A

Yes they can.

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8
Q

What are the 3 main types of lipids? And if you think there is 4, which is the last one?

A

Fatty acids Glycerolipids Sphingolipids Cholesterol

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9
Q

This lipid has a long akyl chain with a carboxyl group at the end. (Double bond O-C-OH).

A

Fatty acids.

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10
Q
  1. They have a glycerol backbone with fatty acids. 2. If they have a fatty acid in the SN1, 2, and 3rd position then they are called? 3. If they have a fatty acid in the SN1, 2, BUT the 3rd position they have a head group base ex. PO4, alcohol (OH).
A
  1. Glycerolipids 2. Triacylglycerol 3. Phospholipids
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11
Q

Instead of the glycerol backbone, these have the sphingosine backbone, still has 3 carbons but a little more modified. With fatty acid in the sn2 position, and a base in the 3rd position.

A

Sphingolipids, Sphingomyelin

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12
Q

Sphingosine backbone with fatty acid and sugar like (mono-or oligo saccharide). What is this?

A

Glycolipids

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13
Q

Flexible akyl chain, rigid steroid nucleus, and hydroxyl group. What am I?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Carboxylic acids are nonpolar/polar? Hydrophilic/hydrophobic? Water soluble/insoluble? Fat soluble/insoluble? On a fatty acid are they the fatty or the acid? Lol.

A

POLAR HYDROPHILIC WATER SOLUBLE FAT INSOLUBLE ACID

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15
Q

Tell me about them aliphatic tails. Short/long? Polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic/hydrophobic? Saturated/unsaturated? Fat soluble/insoluble? Water soluble/insoluble? Fatty or acid? How long are their chains usually?

A

Long, nonpolar Hydrophobic, saturated AND unsaturated. Fat soluble Water insoluble FATTY. 2-28 carbons (even numbers mostly)

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16
Q

Fatty acids with no double bonds are called what? Examples include Palmitic acid, Myristic acid, Lauric acid, Stearic acid.

A

SATURATED (NO BOND). Play important role in membrane fluidity.

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17
Q

What happens to the structure of a fatty acid when it is saturated? Ad why is this role important?

A

When the fatty acid is saturated there are no double bonds (the carboxyl polar head group, and long aliphatic chain). When there is no double bonds, it is a very STRAIGHT structure. It plays an important role in membrane fluidity.

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18
Q

Fatty acids with 1 double bond is called? Examples?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids. Ex: Monounsaturated, oleic acid. CIS double bond (makes the curve).

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19
Q

Fatty acids with more than 1 double bond? Examples include ?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid, arachidonic acid (n-6). And Linolenic acid (n-3). CIS DOUBLE BOND makes the curve.

20
Q

Nomenclature x:y (triangle) a, b, c Tell me what each variable represents.

A

X= # of C’s in the chain Y= # of double bonds A,b,c = positions of the start of the double bonds, beginning from C1 - the carboxyl C. (You dont include the carboxyl end as a double bond)

21
Q

Nomenclature examples using systemic names IUPaC. Find the x:y triangle a,b,c. Hexadecanoic acid = OctadecEnoic acid = OctadecaTRIenoic acid =

A

Hexadecanoic = 16:0 saturated obviously since no double bond OctadecEnoic = 18:1 monounsaturated cis double bond curve Octadecatrienoic = 18:3 triangle 9, 12, 15 polyunsaturated cis double bond curve. (You dont include the carboxyl end as a double bond)

22
Q

Omega labeling system. Explain…. Also what would octadecatrienoic acid be in thi labeling system?

A

C’s are numbered from the distal end (called the n or (w) aka omega end) of an acyl chain (which is opposite of the carboxyl group). The 18:3 triangle 9,12,15 would now be 18:3 (w-3) or 18:3 (n-3). So if it is an 18 carbon in the systemic name, with 15 as its last double bond location, then that means in omega system, it’ll be 18:3 (w-3) or (n-3) since the first double bond will start at C3 while the terminal C in the systemic group will now be C1. (You dont include the carboxyl end as a double bond)

23
Q

Give me 2 examples of essential unsaturated fatty acids? (Hint one of them is omega 3). What is so good about being essential?

A

Linoleic acid (w6) 18:2 Alpha-linolenic acid (w3) 18:3 we can synthesize.

24
Q

Lipids with the glycerol backbone? Tell me what they are usually composed of? What are the 2 types, and what is the main role of each?

A

Glycerolipids composed of mono, di, and tri substituted glycerols. (Aka can be one, two, or three fatty acids with ester linkage SN1, SN2, SN3) Triglycerides TG is the storage form of ENERGY. Fa’s in SN1, SN2, SN3. Diglycerides DG acts as a SECOND MESSENGER. Fa’s are in the SN1 and SN2 positions, act as second messenger for protein kinase C (PKC).

25
Q

Glycerol backbone, Fatty acids sn1, sn2, and third position contains a phosphate or base head group (polar). What am I? What are they the precursors to? Significance of the sn1 and sn2 positions?

A

Phospholipid Precursors of signaling molecules. The fatty acid in the sn1 position is saturated. The fa in sn2 is unsaturated aka bent, cis double bond. The Fa’s are the hydrophobic regions

26
Q

Glycerol backbone, 2 saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acid. What am I? What type of molecule am I? And what does that mean?

A

Phosphatidylcholine. Amphipathic meaning has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

27
Q

Contains both positive and negative charge. But is considered electrically neutral. Example?

A

Zwitterion Ex: phosphatidylcholine Which is a type of phospholipid. Important when it has to do with the non-covalent packing of the membranes.

28
Q

What could this be structurally? -CH2-CH—CH2-

A

Glycerol backbone

29
Q

What charge does the phosphate group have? And where is it usually located?

A

Negative charge. Usually located on a phospholipid along the hydrophilic head group.

30
Q

What can usually be attached at the X portion (which is at the end of the phosphate group that is attached to the glycerol backbone, but not on the negative O charge, it is on the normal O that does not have the double bond) aka hydrophilic head group of the phospholipid? (Name 6)

A

Many different types of bases. Phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol.

31
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -H What charge will this have?

A

Phosphatidic acid. Negative charge. (Because the phosphate on the phospholipid is already negative)

32
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 (What group is this?) What charge will it be?

A

Phosphatidylcholine Choline group. Neutral charge zwitterion (the - phosphate with the positive N on the choline makes it electrically neutral)

33
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -CH2-CH2-N+H3 (What group is this?) What charge will it be?

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine Adding an ethanolamine group. Neutral zwitterion, the - from phosphate head with the + from the nitrogen on the ethanolamine.

34
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -COO- (What group is this?) What charge will it be?

A

Phosphatidylserine Serine group Will be negative overall since phosphate is -, then the NH3 is + on the amino group, and the other - on the carboxyl COO-. 2 negative and one positive = negative overall.

35
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -OH-OH-OH-OH-OH- all chair formation (What group is this?) What charge will it be?

A

Phosphatidylinositol Linositol group. Will be - charge because of the phosphate head. But the linositol itself is normal.

36
Q

If the phospholipid head group has this attachment, what is it? -CH2-CHOH-CH2OH (What group is this?) What charge will it be?

A

Phosphatidylglycerol Glycerol group. Overall negative because of the only charge on phosphate head group.

37
Q

This molecule has a sphingosine backbone with a saturated fatty acid in the sn2 position. (What type of linkage?)

A

Sphingolipids (Bound to a nitrogen, the Fa in the sn2 position) = Amide linkage. (This is different to when you had the hydroxyl group for the glycerol backbone, and the fa was connected via ester linkage).

38
Q

Sphingosine backbone with fa in sn2 position via amide linkage, and the head group x is H. What is this?

A

Ceramide which is a type of sphingolipid.

39
Q

Sphingosine with sn2 fa amide linkage, and X group is phosphocholine attached to the terminal hydroxyl group by ______ bond? What is its significance?

A

ester bond. Sphingomyelin. Significance is in the formation of lipid rafts.

40
Q

Sphingosine backbone, sn2 fa w/ amide linka1ge. X group is CHO or carbohydrate.

A

Glycolipids Lipid containing sugars derived from sphingosine

41
Q

Sphingosine backbone, fa in sn1, fa in sn2 via amide linkage, and the X is glucose or galactose, aka sugar unit. What am I?

A

Cerebroside which is a glycolipid.

42
Q

Amphipathic hydrophobic flexible alkyl side chains Hydrophobic steroid rigid nucleus. (Does not bend/move three 6-ring, one 5-ring structures). Hydrophilic hydroxyl (OH) group at the head (which makes it polar). What am I? What is the importance of the hydroxyl hydrophilic polar head?

A

Cholesterol, a lipid. Hydrophilic polar heads allows it to circulate and get into the membranes (important function).

43
Q

What are the 3 negatively charged phospholipids?

A

PI and PG And PS Phosphatiylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine.

44
Q

What are the zwitterions of phospholipids (2)?

A

PC and PE Phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.

45
Q

Phospholipid with 2 glycerols in the x.

A

DPG diphosphatidylglycerol also known as CARDIOLIPIN Has double negative charge.

46
Q
A

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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