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Biochem Test 2 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Water insoluble biomolecules that are highly soluble in organic solvents

Membrane constituents

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2
Q

What is the key constituent of lipids?

A

Fatty acids- give lipids hydrophobic properties

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3
Q

What do fatty acids build that are components of biological membranes?

A

Phospholipids and glycolipids

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4
Q

What allows proteins to target to membranes?

A

Covalent attachments of fatty acids to proteins

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5
Q

What are derivatives of fatty acids?

A

Hormones, signal molecules and intracellular messengers

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6
Q

How do you number the carbon atoms in lipids?

A

You start numbering at the carboxyl terminus

Carbon 2 and 3 are called alpha and beta carbons

The methyl carbon at the distal end of the chain is called the omega carbon

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7
Q

How do you number number bonds?

A

The position of the double bond is denoted by the delta and then a superscript number
Ex. Cis-delta ^9 = a cis double bond between atoms 9 and 10
OR
Can count from the omega carbon and number from there
Ex. Omega-3 fatty acid

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8
Q

What is the ending of a fatty acid with no double bonds? One double bond? Two double bonds? Three double bonds?

A

No double bonds= anoic
One double bond = enoic
Two double bonds= dienoic
Three double bonds= trienoic

18: 0 = C18 with no double bonds
18: 2 = C18 with 2 double bonds

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9
Q

How many carbons does a typical fatty acid have?

A

Even number of carbons anywhere between 14 and 24 but most common is 16 to 18

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10
Q

What is the most common configuration of double bonds in most unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis

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11
Q

Why can we refer to fatty acids according to their carboxylate form?

A

Because fatty acids are ionized at physiological pH

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12
Q

What happens to fatty acids as the chain length increases?

A

The melting point also increases

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13
Q

Which have a higher melting point? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated have a higher melting point

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14
Q

What are the three essential fatty acids?

A

Omega-6 : linoleate
Omega- 3: linolenate
Omega-6: Arachidonate

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15
Q

What are the three major membrane lipids?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
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16
Q

What are the 4 components of phospholipids?

A
  1. Fatty acid (provides a hydrophobic barrier)
  2. A backbone to which fatty acids are attached
  3. A phosphate
  4. An alcohol attached to phosphate
17
Q

What allows phospholipids to interact with their environment?

A

The hydrophilic properties of the phosphate and alcohol groups

18
Q

What is the simplest phosphoglyceride?

A

Phosphatidate (diacylglycerol 3-phosphate)

19
Q

What are examples of phosphoglyceride so derived from Phosphatidate and what is their importance?

A
  1. Phosphatidylserine: important for memory and cognition
  2. Phosphatidylcholine: major constituent of cell membrane and pulmonary surfactant
  3. Phosphatidylethanolamine: composing 25% of all phospholipids, they are found in nervous tissue such as the white matter of the brain
  4. Phosphatidylinositol: important signaling and other functional activities in eukaryotic cell
  5. Disphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin): important component of inner mitochondrial membrane
20
Q

What classification is sphingosine?

A

An amino alcohol

21
Q

What is sphingomyelin?

A

A phospholipid with sphingosine as the backbone

  • amino group of backbone is linked to fatty acid by an amide bond
  • found in animal membranes (myelin sheath)
22
Q

What are glycolipids?

A
  • Sugar-containing lipids
  • derived from sphingosine
  • different from sphingomyelin because unit linked to primary hydroxyl group on backbone
  • sugar residues always on extracellular side of membrane
23
Q

What is cerebroside?

A
  • Simplest glycolipid
  • contains one sugar residue
  • important in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes
24
Q

What is cholesterol?

A
  • most abundant steroid found in eukaryotes made of 4 fused saturated hydrocarbon rings
  • sterol
  • major component of eukaryotic plasma membrane
  • not found in prokaryotes
  • oriented parallel to fatty acid chains of phospholipids- hydroxyl group interacts with nearby phospholipid heard group to inhibit tight packing of FA chains

Biochem Test 2 (5 decks)

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