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CC1 > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

what are lipids composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

what are the major functions of lipids? (rodriguez)

A
  1. primary sources of fuel
  2. provide stability to cell membrane
  3. sources of hormones
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3
Q

what organ is involved in digestion?

A

stomach

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4
Q

what organ is involved in absorption?

A

intestine

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5
Q

what is an example of lipid soluble substance?

A

vitamins A,D,E,K

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6
Q

lipids can be used to synthesize hormones, for example, steroid hormones. give examples of these steroid hormones

A

PETA
-progesterone
-estrogen
-testosterone
-androgen

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7
Q

lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in?

A

organic or nonpolar solvents such as chloroform and ether

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8
Q

lipids, in order to circulate in the blood require special transport mechanism known as?

A

lipoproteins

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9
Q

give the major lipids in plasma arranges according to its abundance (rodriguez)

A

PCTFF
1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol
3. triglycerides
4. fatty acids
5. fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

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10
Q

a lipid consisting of 3 fatty acid molecules joined together with a single glycerol molecule

A

triglycerides

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11
Q

other term for triglycerides?

A

triacyl glycerol

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12
Q

this is a lipid that is attached to a phosphate group

A

phospholipid

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13
Q

a carbon ring structure with functional group alcohol

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

linear chains of C-H bonds that terminate with a carboxyl group

A

fatty acids

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15
Q

2 classification of fatty acids

A

as to chain
as to the number of carbon-to-carbon double bond

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16
Q

classification of fatty acids as to chain

A

short chain: 4-6 carbon atoms
medium chain: 8-12 carbon atoms
long chain: >12 carbon atoms

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17
Q

classification of fatty acids as to the number of carbon-to-carbon double bond

A
  • saturated f.a
  • unsaturated f.a
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18
Q

they provide the substance for conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

A

fatty acids

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19
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no carbon-to-carbon double bond

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20
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has carbon-to-carbon double bond

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21
Q

one carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

monounsaturated

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22
Q

two carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

polyunsaturated

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23
Q

it is a “neutral fat” or “neutral lipid”

A

triglycerides

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24
Q

why is triglyceride a neutral fat/lipid?

A

because it does not contain charged groups or polar hydrophilic groups

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25
Q

it is the most common type of fat and main storage lipid in man (adipose tissue)

A

triglycerides

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26
Q

function of TAG:

A

when TAG are metabolized, their fatty acids are released into the cells and converted to energy - provides excellent insulation

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27
Q

these facilitates the breakdown of TAG

A

LEC
- lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
- epinephrine
- cortisol

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28
Q

it allows the body to compactly store long carbon chains for energy that can be used during fasting states and between meals

A

TAG

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29
Q

TAG from plant sources

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids and are oils

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30
Q

TAG from animal sources

A

saturated fatty acids and solid at RT

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31
Q

they are similar in structure with triglycerides except that they only contain 2 fatty acids

A

phospholipids

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32
Q

3 types/forms of phospholipid

A
  1. lecithin / phosphatidylcholine
  2. sphingomyelin
  3. cephalin
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33
Q

3 types of cephalin

A

a. phosphatidyl ethanolamine
b. phosphatidyl serine
c. lysolecithin + inositol phosphatide

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34
Q

-it is the only phospholipid in the membrane that is not derived from glycerol
-it is essential component of cell membrane (RBC and nerve sheath)

A

sphingomyelin

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35
Q

where is sphingomyelin derived from?

A

sphingosine (an amino alcohol)

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36
Q

indicator of Niemann-Pick Disease

A

accumulation of sphingomyelin in liver and spleen

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37
Q

can be used as assessment if infant/fetus can be delivered already

A

lysolecithin + inositol phosphatide

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38
Q

to where in the forms of phospholipids is normal function of lung correlates strongly?

A

lecithin:sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio
[>/equal to 2]

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39
Q
  • it is an unsaturated steroid cholesterol containing 4 rings (A,B,C,D)
  • an amphipathic lipid, found in surface of lipid layers along w/ phospholipids
A

cholesterol

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40
Q

2 forms of cholesterol

A
  1. free cholesterol (unesterified) - 30%
  2. cholesteryl ester (esterified) - 70%
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41
Q

cholesterol is synthesized in the _____ and is found on the _____

A

liver ; surface layer of lipoproteins

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42
Q

hormone that promotes transport and excretion of cholesterol?

A

estrogen

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43
Q

increased cholesterol in the blood

A

hypercholesterolemia

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44
Q

non-selective increase of fats inside the circulation

A

hyperlipidemia

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45
Q

true or false
cholesterol serve as a source of fuel

A

false
it is not readily absorbed by cell, thus, it does not serve as a source of fuel

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46
Q

cholesterol can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids. what are these bile acids?

A

cholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid

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47
Q

cholesterol can be converted to steroid hormones. what are these steroid hormones?

A

glucocorticoids = cortisol
mineralocorticoids = aldosterone, estrogen

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48
Q

cholesterol can be converted to what vitamin?

A

vitamin D, particularly D3

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49
Q

an active form of vitamin that promotes bone growth esp. in childen

A

vit. D3

50
Q

a disease characterized by deficiency of vit. d

A

rickets

51
Q

explain how cholesterol is converted to vit. D?

A

cholesterol -> 7-dehydrocholesterol -> vit. d (by irradation from sunlight)

52
Q
  • it is a form of cholesterol found in plasma & serum
  • bound to fatty acid
  • undergoes esterification by LCAT
  • inactive form; has “protective” property and are stored in cells
A

cholesteryl ester

53
Q
  • it is a form of cholesterol found in plasma, serum, & RBCs
  • a polar non-esterified alcohol
  • ACTIVE form of cholesterol w/ CYTOTOXIC PROPERTY
A

free cholesterol (FC)

54
Q

a “detoxification step” to reduce the accumulation of free cholesterol

A

cholesterol esterification

55
Q

is an enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol by promoting transfer of fatty acids from lecithin to cholesterol w/c results in the formation of lysolecithin and cholesterol ester

A

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

56
Q

where is LCAT synthesized?

A

liver

57
Q

the activator of LCAT?

A

Apo A-1

58
Q

it is the removal of ester bond from cholesterol making it a free cholesterol

A

saponification

59
Q

lipids in circulation are organized into ____

A

large lipoprotein particles

60
Q

what is lipoprotein composed of?

A

apolipoproteins (proteins and amino acids)

61
Q

what is found on the surface of lipoprotein?

A

cholesterol and phospholipid

surface: c,p

62
Q

what is found on the core of lipoprotein?

A

cholesteryl ester and TAG

core: c,t

63
Q

what is the main role of lipoprotein?

A

delivery of fuel to peripheral cells

64
Q

what are the major sites for ß-lipoprotein synthesis?

A

hepatocytes and enterocytes

65
Q

they deliver lipids to tissues for storage or energy production

A

beta lipoproteins

66
Q

what are the major human lipoproteins

A

-VLDL
-LDL
-HDL
-Chylomicrons

67
Q

lightest lipoprotein

A

HDL

68
Q

heaviest lipoprotein

A

chylomicrons

69
Q

most dense lipoprotein

A

HDL

70
Q

least dense lipoprotein

A

chylomicrons

71
Q

these are large macromolecular complexes of lipids w/ specialized proteins known as apolipoproteins

A

lipoproteins

72
Q

lipoprotein that the vit. E depends upon for absorption

A

chylomicrons

73
Q

lipoprotein that the vit. E depends upon for delivery to tissues

A

VLDL & HDL

74
Q

main purpose of lipoprotein

A
  • to transport TAG and cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization

ratio: because these two (tag&chol) travel in plasma not as free-floating molecules but as part of water-soluble complexes called lipoproteins

75
Q
  • help maintain the structural integrity of lipoproteins
  • aids in the solubilization of lipids and their transfer from GIT to liver
  • present on surface of lpp particles
  • serves as ligands for cells receptors
A

apolipoproteins

76
Q

apolipoprotein contain this structural motif which shows the ability of proteins to bind to lipids

A

amphiphatic helix

77
Q

what are the major apolipoproteins?

A

Apo A-1
Apo B-48
Apo B-100

78
Q
  • destroys structure of lipoprotein
  • catalyzes lysis of lipids bond or covalent bonds that involve lipid
A

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

79
Q

where is the production of chylomicrons

A

in the intestines from dietary fat

80
Q
  • it is the largest and least dense lipoprotein
  • reflect light and account for the turbidity of postprandial plasma
A

chylomicrons

81
Q

principal role of chylomicrons

A

delivery of dietary lipids to hepatic and peripheral cells

82
Q

major apolipoprotein of chylomicrons?

A

Apo B-48

83
Q

what is the hallmark for the presence of chylomicrons in the plasma?

A

(+) creamy top layer of plasma

84
Q

VLDL is also known as

A

pre-beta lipoprotein

85
Q

where is VLDL produced?

A

liver

86
Q

major apolipoprotein of VLDL

A

Apo B-100 (also contains apo c and e)

87
Q
  • major carriers of endogenous (hepatic-derived) TAGs and transfer TAG from liver to peripheral tissue
  • also reflect light and accounts for most of the turbidity observed in fasting hyperlipidimic plasma
A

VLDL

88
Q

what causes elevated TAG in the VLDL particles?

A

prolonged consumption of high fat diet

89
Q

(-) creamy top layer of plasma

A

VLDL

ratio: though it also reflects light, they are smaller and less buoyant than chylomicrons = (-) creamy top layer

90
Q

LDLs are also known as

A

bad cholesterol

91
Q

major apolipoprotein of LDL

A

Apo B-100

92
Q

where is LDL sythesized?

A

liver

93
Q

how is LDL being formed?

A

they form as a consequence of lipolysis of VLDL

94
Q
  • because they are small, they can infiltrate into the extracellular space of the vessel wall and is taken up by macrophages
A

HDL

95
Q
  • when macrophages take up too much lipid, they become filled with intracellular lipid drops and turn into _______- which is the predominant cell type of fatty streaks, an early precursor of atherosclerotic plaques
A

foam cells

96
Q

electrophoretic mobility pattern of HDL

A

alpha lipoprotein

97
Q
  • are the smallest and most dense lipoprotein particle
  • exist as either disk-shaped particles or spherical particles
A

HDL

98
Q

where is HDL produced/synthesized?

A

liver and intestine

99
Q

major apolipoprotein of HDL

A

Apo A-1

100
Q
  • it is the ability of HDL to remove cholesterol from cells
  • is also responsible for the anti-atherogenic property of HDL
A

reverse cholesterol transport

101
Q

forms of HDL?

A

HDL 1, HDL 2, HDL 3

hdl 2 and 3 -> major types

102
Q

among the major types/forms of HDL, which is
- transports lipids effectively to the liver and is more cardioprotective?
- larger in size and richer in lipid

A

HDL2

103
Q
  • “sinking pre-beta lipoprotein” bc it has the electrophoretic mobility same as VLDL but density like LDL
  • LDL-like particle that contains 1 molecule of apo (a) linked to Apo B-100
  • ↑ levels = ↑ risk of premature coronary heart dse and stroke
A

Lipoprotein (a)

104
Q
  • major end product from the catabolism of VLDL
  • constitute about 50% of total LPP in the plasma
  • the most cholesterol-rich of the LPP and MOST ATHEROGENIC
  • important in assessing px w/ or w/out CHD
  • in fasting plasma samples, it contains cholesterol not present in HDL or VLDL
A

LDL or Beta lipoprotein

105
Q
  • is rich in lipids, primarily free cholesterol and phospholipids
  • found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency
  • a specific and sensitive indicator of cholestasis
  • contains ApoC and albumin
A

lipoprotein X (LpX)

106
Q
  • aka “abnormally migrating B-VLDL”
  • it has the density of VLDL by ultracentrifugation but migrates w/ LDL in the ß region durIng electrophoresis
  • floating beta lipoprotein
  • accumulates in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia
  • also aka “VLDL rich in cholesterol” due to the defective catabolism of VLDL
A

beta-VLDL

107
Q

apolipoproteins that are considered differential factors for atherosclerotic disease

A

ApoA-I and Apo B

108
Q

apolipoprotein that relates to insulin resistance and increased body fat

A

ApoA-II

109
Q

-it is a nonexchangeable apoLPP
-found in VLDL and LDL = may be a predictor of risk to artery dse

A

ApoB

110
Q

it is commonly considered as dysfunctional HDL because native HDL is protective of atherosclerosis

A

oxidized HDL

111
Q

what are examples of abnormal lipoproteins?

A
  • Lipoprotein X
  • ß-VLDL (Floating ß Lipoprotein)
  • Oxidized HDL
112
Q

what are examples of minor lipoproteins?

A
  • intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)
  • lipoprotein (a) / Lp (a)
113
Q

distinct feature of Lp a

A

Apo (a), a carbohydrate-rich protein, attached to ApoB-100

114
Q
  • reference method for quantification of lipoproteins
  • is based on the CHON and TAG contents of lpp
A

ultracentrifugation method

115
Q

most commonly used support medium for electrophoresis

A

agarose gel

116
Q

color of lpp in oil red O

A

red

117
Q
  • Uses polyanions such as heparin sulfate, dextran sulfate, phosphotungstate which react with positive lipoproteins in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca++, Mg++ and Mn++.
A

POLYANION PRECIPITATION METHODS

118
Q

Value of HDL that is cardio protective

A

> 60mg/dl

119
Q

arrangement of lpp in ultracentrifugation method

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL (pre-ß-lipoproteins)
LDL (ß-lipoproteins)
HDL (a-lipoproteins))

120
Q

arrangement of lpp in electrophoresis

A

from point of origin (-) towards the anode (+):
- Chylomicrons
- LDL (ß-lipoproteins)
- VLDL (pre-ß-lipoproteins)
- HDL (a-lipoproteins)

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