lipids

Question 1

C18:2

Answer 1

linoleic acid

Question 2

C18:3

Answer 2

linolenic acid

Question 3

C20:4

Answer 3

Arachidonic acid

Question 4

C18:1

Answer 4

oleic acid

Question 5

C16:0

Answer 5

palmitic acid

Question 6

Kjeldahl methodology

Answer 6

crude protein, measuring N content, assume avg N content is 16%

Question 7

Proximate analysis

Answer 7

Assumes all N in feed is protein, no indication of nutrient availability

Question 8

Leco Protein analysis

Answer 8

determines N, faster safer and easier but expensive

Question 9

Van Soest method

Answer 9

defines NDF (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin) and ADF (cellulose and lignin)

Question 10

monogastric

Answer 10

mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, colon, rectum

Question 11

regions of stomach

Answer 11

esophageal region, cardiac region, fundic region, pyloric region

Question 12

esophageal region

Answer 12

no secretions, holding area

Question 13

cardiac

Answer 13

secretes mucus

Question 14

fundic

Answer 14

secretes mucus, acid, and enzymes

Question 15

pyloric

Answer 15

secretes mucus

Question 16

chief cells

Answer 16

enzymes (pepsinogen)

Question 17

parietal cells

Answer 17

HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

endocrine - insulin and glucagon
exocrine- pancreatic enzymes + bicarbonate

Question 19

enzymes

Answer 19

amylase-starch-maltose
maltase-maltose-glucose
lipase-triglycerides-FFA+glycerol
trypsin-proteins-peptides
chymotrypsin-proteins-peptides

Question 20

bird

Answer 20

crop=reservoir
gizzard=mastication
proventriculus= acid and enzyme secretion (similar to fundic region)

Question 21

ruminants

Answer 21

foregut fermentation
no salivary amylase
reticulum-rumen-omasum-abomasum
stomach pushed to left side
manyplies=omasum
nail can be found in reticulum
VFAs passive diffusion major energy source
acetate, propionate, butyrate

Question 22

horse

Answer 22

hindgut fermentation
1/2 stomach capacity as cow

Question 23

hormones

Answer 23

gastrin-stimulate acid secretion
secretin- inhibits acid secretion
ghrelin- growth hormone

Question 24

monsaccharides

Answer 24

pentose: ribose, hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 25

disaccharides

Answer 25

maltose= glucose+glucose
sucrose= glucose=fructose
lactose= glucose+ galactose
cellobiose= beta glucose+beta glucose

absorbed through active diffusion

Question 26

NonStructural CHOs

Answer 26

amylose and amylopectin and glycogen

Question 27

CHO digestion in nonrumen

Answer 27

salivary amylase
small intestine
pancreatic amylase
intestinal maltase, sucrase, and lactase
glucosidase-limit dextrin-glucose

Question 28

CHO digestion in rumens

Answer 28

cellulose=acetate
starch=propionate

Question 29

ketosis

Answer 29

acetyl-co-a cant enter krebs cycle
fatty liver syndrome

Question 30

gross energy

Answer 30

CHOs=4.1
Proteins=5.7
fats=9.4

Question 31

vitamin A

Answer 31

night blindness, marbling

Question 32

vitamin e

Answer 32

mulberry heart, effects beef color

Question 33

vitamin D

Answer 33

bone growth, tenderness of meat

Question 34

vitamin k

Answer 34

sweet clover disease

Question 35

water soluble vitamins

Answer 35

no storage, toxicity not a problem
thiamin- first discovered, pigs can store, nervous disorders
riboflavin- structural component of FAD, related to growth
niacin- structural component of NAD, energy metabolism
folic acid- increases during pregnancy
biotin- egg whites decrease biotin
vitamin c- domestic livestock don’t require, scurvy