lipids Flashcards
C18:2
linoleic acid
C18:3
linolenic acid
C20:4
Arachidonic acid
C18:1
oleic acid
C16:0
palmitic acid
Kjeldahl methodology
crude protein, measuring N content, assume avg N content is 16%
Proximate analysis
Assumes all N in feed is protein, no indication of nutrient availability
Leco Protein analysis
determines N, faster safer and easier but expensive
Van Soest method
defines NDF (hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin) and ADF (cellulose and lignin)
monogastric
mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine, cecum, colon, rectum
regions of stomach
esophageal region, cardiac region, fundic region, pyloric region
esophageal region
no secretions, holding area
cardiac
secretes mucus
fundic
secretes mucus, acid, and enzymes
pyloric
secretes mucus
chief cells
enzymes (pepsinogen)
parietal cells
HCL and intrinsic factor
Pancreas
endocrine - insulin and glucagon
exocrine- pancreatic enzymes + bicarbonate
enzymes
amylase-starch-maltose
maltase-maltose-glucose
lipase-triglycerides-FFA+glycerol
trypsin-proteins-peptides
chymotrypsin-proteins-peptides
bird
crop=reservoir
gizzard=mastication
proventriculus= acid and enzyme secretion (similar to fundic region)
ruminants
foregut fermentation
no salivary amylase
reticulum-rumen-omasum-abomasum
stomach pushed to left side
manyplies=omasum
nail can be found in reticulum
VFAs passive diffusion major energy source
acetate, propionate, butyrate
horse
hindgut fermentation
1/2 stomach capacity as cow
hormones
gastrin-stimulate acid secretion
secretin- inhibits acid secretion
ghrelin- growth hormone
monsaccharides
pentose: ribose, hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
maltose= glucose+glucose
sucrose= glucose=fructose
lactose= glucose+ galactose
cellobiose= beta glucose+beta glucose
absorbed through active diffusion
NonStructural CHOs
amylose and amylopectin and glycogen
CHO digestion in nonrumen
salivary amylase
small intestine
pancreatic amylase
intestinal maltase, sucrase, and lactase
glucosidase-limit dextrin-glucose
CHO digestion in rumens
cellulose=acetate
starch=propionate
ketosis
acetyl-co-a cant enter krebs cycle
fatty liver syndrome
gross energy
CHOs=4.1
Proteins=5.7
fats=9.4
vitamin A
night blindness, marbling
vitamin e
mulberry heart, effects beef color
vitamin D
bone growth, tenderness of meat
vitamin k
sweet clover disease
water soluble vitamins
no storage, toxicity not a problem
thiamin- first discovered, pigs can store, nervous disorders
riboflavin- structural component of FAD, related to growth
niacin- structural component of NAD, energy metabolism
folic acid- increases during pregnancy
biotin- egg whites decrease biotin
vitamin c- domestic livestock don’t require, scurvy
