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ibms: lipids and carbs > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Define lipids

A

Biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents are classified as lipids

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2
Q

What do lipids include?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Oils
  3. Certain vitamines
  4. Hormones
  5. The cell membrane that is not made up of protein
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3
Q

Name the major classifications of lipids

A
  1. Fatty acids and its derivatives
  2. Cholesterols and its derivatives
  3. Lipoproteins
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4
Q

What are fatty acids comprised of?

A

Hydrogen chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups

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5
Q

What does the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chain dictate?

A

Its physical properties

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6
Q

What are fatty acids responsible for?

A

The hydrophobic properties exhibited by lipids

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7
Q

What do fatty acids have an important role in?

A
  1. Cellular fuel sources
  2. Energy storage within adipose tissues in the form of triacylglycerols
  3. Structural functions
  4. The composition of hormones
  5. The modification of proteins
  6. Cell signalling
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8
Q

What are the 2 main groups fatty acids can be divided into?

A
  1. Saturated

2. Unsaturated

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9
Q

Describe saturated fats

A

They are generally solid at room temperature

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10
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

Animal sources:

  1. Lard
  2. Butter
  3. Hard margarine
  4. Cheese
  5. Whole milk
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11
Q

Describe unsaturated fats

A

They are usually liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

Where are unsaturated fats found

A

Vegetable sources

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13
Q

What is the characteristic of unsaturated fatty acid

A

They have one or more carbon double bonds

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14
Q

What can carbon double bonds give?

A

Cis or Trans isomers

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15
Q

What is a fatty acid with one double bond called?

A

Mono unsaturated

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16
Q

What dictates the physical property of fatty acids?

A

The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon

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17
Q

Which part of the lipid is responsible for its hydrophobic properties?

A

The fatty acid chain

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18
Q

What is a fatty acid with MORE than one double bond called?

A

Polyunsaturated

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19
Q

Which is healthier saturated fats or unsaturated vegetable oils?

A

Unsaturated vegetable oils

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20
Q

Give examples of unsaturated vegetable oils

A
  1. Sesame
  2. Sunflower
  3. Soya
  4. Olive oil
  5. Soft margarine
    6, Oily fish
21
Q

What has research shown about unsaturated cis fats?

A

They can help lower cholesterol

22
Q

What makes a fatty acid ‘trans’

A

Means the hydrogens are u 2 different planes

23
Q

Where are trans fats found naturally?

A

Found naturally at low levels in some foods such as meat and diary products

24
Q

How man grams of trans fat does the government recommend?

A

adults should not have more than about 5g of trans fatsa day

25
Q

Name some Physiologically Relevant Fatty Acids

A
  1. Myristic acid
  2. Palmitic acid
  3. Palmitoleic acid
  4. Stearic acid
  5. Oleic acid
  6. Linoleic acid
  7. Linolenic acid
  8. Arachidonic acid
26
Q

Name the 2 essential fatty acids

A
  1. Linoleic acid

2. Linolenic acid

27
Q

What is the importance of myristic acid

A

It is often found attached to the N term of plasma membrane associated cytoplasmic proteins

28
Q

What is the importance of palmitic acid

A

It is the end product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis

29
Q

How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for men?

A

menshould not havemore than 30g of saturated fat a day

30
Q

How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for women?

A

women should nothavemore than20g of saturated fata day

31
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

Composed of a glycerol backbone to which 3 fatty acids are esterified

32
Q

What are triglycerides used for in the body?

A
  1. They are very effect long term energy storage
  2. Protects nd cushions organs
  3. Fat deposits under skin and throughout body cut heat loss
33
Q

Compare the energy released from triglycerides and carbohydrates?

A

Gram for gram triglycerides have more than twice the energy of
Carbohydrates

34
Q

State a property of triglyceride that makes it an efficient energy store

A

It is virtually non polar

35
Q

What are steroids?

A

They are lipids characterised by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

36
Q

Name the most common steroid

A

Cholesterol

37
Q

What is a high blood cholesterol associated with?

A

Increased incidences of heart attack and stroke

38
Q

Where in the body is cholesterol made?

A

The liver

39
Q

What is cholesterol carried as in the blood?

A
  1. low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

2. high-density lipoprotein (HDL0

40
Q

What can too much saturated fat lead to?

A

Can raise the LDL cholesterol in the blood which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke

41
Q

What effect does HDL cholesterol have?

A

Has a positive effect

42
Q

How does HDL cholesterol have a positive effect

A

It takes cholesterol from parts of the body where’s too much of it to the liver where it is disposed of

43
Q

What is eating too much saturated fats associated with?

A

Increased blood cholesterol concentration and an increased risk of heart disease

44
Q

Which type of lipids are deemed as being really unhealthy

A

Trans fats (hydrogenated unsaturated fats)

45
Q

What are hydrogenated fats?

A

They are liquid vegetable oils made creamy when when manufacturers convert some of theunsaturated fatsintosaturatedones through a process called “hydrogenation.”

46
Q

Wha is the government guideline regarding lipid intake

A

Recommend fats make up no more than 35 per cent of the energy in the diet.

47
Q

Wha is the government guideline regarding saturated fats

A

Saturated fats should provide less than 11 per cent of total energy intake.

48
Q

In grams how much fat should the average woman consume?

A

70g

49
Q

In grams how much fat should the average man consume?

A

95g

ibms: lipids and carbs (5 decks)

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