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CC LEC FINALS > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

are organic compounds

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of
carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements,
most commonly

A

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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3
Q

Several carbon atoms
attached to hydrogen
and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

s
■ Made up of amino
acids
■ Composition:
Carbon, Oxygen,
Hydrogen and
Nitrogen
■ Nitrogen is an atom unique to proteins

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Several carbon
atoms are attached
to oxygen and
hydrogen

A

Lipids

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6
Q

Also known as fats
Composed mostly of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds

A

Lipid

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7
Q

Rich source of energy
○ An efficient way of storing excess calories
■ Transported to the adipose cells
stored in the form of triglycerides
○ Play an integral part of the cell membrane of
the human cells

A

Lipid

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8
Q

Refers to a collection of organic
molecules of varying chemical
composition

A

LIPIDS

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9
Q

Are grouped together on the basis of
their solubility in nonpolar solvents

A

LIPIDS

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10
Q

Lipids is composed of four main groups

A

fatty acids
glycerides
nonglyceride lipids
complex lipids

FGNC

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11
Q

– When oxidized, each gram of fat releases 9 kcal of
energy, or more than twice the energy released by
oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate

A

Energy Source

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12
Q

– In the form of triglycerides (TAG) in adipocytes

A

Energy Storage

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13
Q

Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids
make up the basic structure of all cell membranes

A

Cell Membrane Structural Components

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14
Q

make up the basic structure of all cell membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids

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15
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K)

A

Vitamins

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17
Q

– Dietary fat serves as a carrier of the lipid-soluble
vitamins

A

Vitamin Absorption

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18
Q

fats as shock absorber

A

Protection

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19
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

Insulation

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20
Q

Are long-chain
monocarboxylic
acids

A

FATTY ACIDS

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21
Q

Generally contain an
even number of
carbon atoms

A

FATTY ACIDS

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22
Q

Less than 6 carbons

A
  • Short-Chain Fatty Acids
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23
Q

6-10 carbons

A

Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

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24
Q

More than 12 carbons

A
  • Long-Chain Fatty Acids
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25
Q

– Each C being “saturated” with H
– General Formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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26
Q

– Composed of at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond
– Almost are in the cis configuration

A
  • Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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27
Q

– Composed of one carbon-to-carbon double
bond

A

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

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28
Q

Composed of more than one carbon-tocarbon double bond

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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29
Q

identified by position of the double
bond nearest the methyl end (CH3
) of the
carbon chain; this is described as an

A

omega number

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30
Q

are identified by position of the double
bond nearest the methyl end (CH3
) of the
carbon chain; this is described as an
omega number

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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31
Q

If PUFA has first double bond 3 carbons
away from the methyl end =

A

omega 3 FA

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32
Q

6 carbons from methyl end =

A

omega 6 FA

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33
Q

H’s on same side of the double bond; fold
into a U-like formation; naturally occurring

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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34
Q

– H’s on the opposite side of the double
bond; occur in partially hydrogenated food

A

trans-Fatty Acid

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35
Q

– Fatty acids react with alcohols to form
esters and water

A
  1. Esterification
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36
Q

– Producing fatty acids from esters
– Opposite of esterification

A
  1. Acid Hydrolysis
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37
Q

Is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an
ester

A
  1. Saponification
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38
Q

the product of this reaction, an ionized
salt, is a __________

A

Soap - Saponification

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39
Q

Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail and a
negatively charged terminus (the carboxylate
terminus), they form micelles that dissolve oil
and dirt particles

A

Saponification

40
Q

Used in the food industry to convert
polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated
solid fats

A
  1. Reaction at the Double Bond
    (Unsaturated Fatty Acids)

Hydrogenation

41
Q
  • Carried out to add hydrogen to some, but not
    all, double bonds in polyunsaturated oils
  • In this way liquid vegetable oils are converted
    into solid form (Crisco and margarine)
A

Partial Hydrogenation

42
Q

Are lipid esters that contain the
glycerol molecule and fatty acids

A

Glycerides

43
Q

Glycerides 2 Classes

A

Neutral Glycerides
Phosphoglycerides

44
Q

nonionic and
nonpolar

A

Neutral Glycerides

45
Q

have polar region,
the phosphoryl group, in addition to the
nonpolar fatty acid tails

A

Phosphoglycerides

46
Q

most important and main
storage form of lipids in man (adipocytes

A

Triglycerides

47
Q

– Produce after the esterification of glycerol
with a fatty acid

A

Neutral Glycerides

48
Q

Esterification may occur at one, two, or all
three positions, producing:

A

Monoglycerides
* Diglycerides
* Triglycerides

49
Q

– Are lipids that are not derived from glycerol

A

Sphingolipids

50
Q

Amphipathic and structural components of
cellular membranes

A

Sphingolipids

51
Q

Sphingolipids

Derived from _________(long chain, Ncontaining alcohol)

A

sphingosine

52
Q

Located throughout the body, but are
particularly important structural lipid
components of nerve cell membranes

– Found in abundance in the myelin sheath
the surrounds and insulate cells of the CNS

Role is essential to proper cerebral
function and nerve transmission

A
  • Sphingomyelins
53
Q

– Are built on a _______ backbone structure,
which is a fatty acid amide derivative of
sphingosine

A

ceramide - Glycosphingolipids

54
Q

– Include the cerebrosides, sulfatides, and
gangliosides

CSG

A

Glycosphingolipids

55
Q

Are characterized by the presence of a
single monosaccharide head group

A

Cerebrosides

56
Q

found in the membranes of
macrophages

A

Glucocerebroside

57
Q

found almost exclusively
in the membranes of brain cells

A

Galactocerebroside

58
Q

Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose

A

Glucocerebroside

59
Q

Consists of ceramide joined to the monosaccharide
galactose

A

Galactocerebroside

60
Q

– Contain the
steroid nucleus
(steroid carbon
skeleton)

A

Steroids

61
Q

known sterol,
found in the
membranes

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

– Amphipathic
– Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of
the membrane as a result of the nonpolar
fused ring
– Hydroxyl group is polar

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

Cholesterol another name

A

– Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring

64
Q

Can also exist in
an esterified form
called _________ with the
hydroxyl group
conjugated by an
ester bond to a
fatty acid

No polar
groups making
them very
hydrophobic

A

cholesteryl
ester - cholesterol

65
Q

Almost exclusively synthesized by animals,
but plants do contain other sterols similar in
structure to cholesterol

  • It is not readily catabolized by most cells,
    therefore, does not serve as a source of
    energy
  • Can be converted in the liver to primary bile
    acids (e.g. cholic acid) and chenodeoxycholic
    acid
A

CHOLESTEROL

66
Q

– Are amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol
– Synthesized in the liver and stored in the
gallbladder

A

Bile Salts

67
Q

Steroid hormones

A

– Testosterone
– Progesterone
– Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
– Cortisone and Cortisol
– Aldosterone

TEPCA

68
Q

Derived from many different sources and
have a variety of chemical compositions,
depending on the source

A

Waxes

69
Q

Example of waxes

A

Paraffin waxes

70
Q

– protective coating for hair and skin
(used in skin creams and ointments)

A

Lanolin - Waxes

71
Q

Are bonded to other types of molecules

A

Complex Lipids

72
Q

Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids
surrounded by amphipathic proteins,
phospholipids, and cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

73
Q

Typically spherical in
shape and range in size

A

10 to 1200 nm - lipoproteins

74
Q

Composed of both
lipids and proteins,
called __________

A

apolipoproteins

75
Q

Larger LPP particles have larger core
regions (contain relatively more TAG and
cholesteryl ester)

A

lipoproteins

76
Q

The larger the LPP, the more lipid relative to
CHON, therefore, lighter in density

A

LIPOPROTEINS

77
Q

Classification
(based on ultracentrifugation)

A

– Chylomicrons [chylos]
– Very-low-density LPP [VLDL]
– Low-density LPP [LDL]
– High-density LPP [HDL]

78
Q

Location: surface of LPP particles

  • Functions:
    – Help maintain the structural integrity of LPP
    – Serve as ligands for cell receptors
    – Act as activators and inhibitors of the various
    enzymes that modify LPP particles
  • Contain “Amphipathic helix”
A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

79
Q

– Major protein on HDL
– anti-atherogenic HDL present in plasma

A

Apo A-I

80
Q

– Is a large protein with MW 500 kD
– Principal protein on LDL, VLDL, and
Chylomicrons

A

Apo B

81
Q

Is found on LDL and VLDL
– Ligand for the LDL receptor

A

Apo B-100

82
Q

Exclusively found in chylomicrons

A

Apo B-48

83
Q

– Found in LDL, VLDL, and HDL
– Serves as a ligand for the LDL receptor and the chylomicron
remnant receptor
– Apo E2, Apo E3, Apo E4

A

Apo E

84
Q

Contain apo B-48
* Account for the turbidity of postprandial
plasma
* Readily float to the top of stored plasma
and form a creamy layer
– chylous, turbid, milky, cloudy, lipemic
plasma/serum
* Produced by the intestine
* Deliver dietary (exogenous) lipids to
hepatic and peripheral cells

A

CHYLOMICRONS

85
Q

Contain apo B-100, apo E, and apo C
* Produced by the liver
* Rich in TAG like chylomicrons
* Account for most of the turbidity observed in fasting hyperlipidemic
plasma specimens but do not form a top, creamy layer
* Major carriers of endogenous (hepatic derived) triglycerides
* Transfer TAG from the liver to peripheral tissue

A

VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

86
Q

Contains apo B-100 and apo E
* Primarily formed as a consequence of the lipolysis of
VLDL
* Readily taken up by cells via the LDL receptor
– Accounts for the reason that elevated LDL levels
promote atherosclerosis
* Significantly smaller than VLDL and chylomicrons

A

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

87
Q

Smallest and the most dense
* Synthesized by both the liver and intestine
* Can exist either as disk-shaped or as spherical-shaped particles

  • DISCOIDAL HDL
    – Most active form in removing excess cholesterol from peripheral cells
  • SPHERICAL HDL
    – HDL2
  • Larger in size and richer in lipid than HDL3
  • May be more efficient in delivering lipids to the liver
    – HDL3
A

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

88
Q
  • Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
  • Lipoprotein (a)
A

Minor:

89
Q
  • LpX Lipoprotein
  • ẞ-VLDL Lipoprotein or Floating ẞ Lipoprotein
A

Abnormal

90
Q

Formed through the metabolism of VLDL in
circulation; lipid content, size, and density of IDL is
intermediate between VLDL and LDL

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

91
Q

is similar to LDL in terms of density and overall
composition, and can be thought of as an LDL
particle to which apo(a) has been added, linked
to apoB-100 via a disulfide bond

A

Lipoprotein (a)

92
Q

is an abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with
obstructive biliary disease, and in patients with
familial lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)
deficiency

A

LpX Lipoprotein

93
Q

is an abnormal lipoprotein that accumulates in type
3 hyperlipoproteinemia

A

ẞ-VLDL Lipoprotein / Floating ẞ Lipoprotein

94
Q

most active form in removing excess cholesterol from peripheral cells

A

Discoidal HDL

95
Q

Larger in size and richer in lipid than HDL3
May be more effecient in delivering lipids to liver

A

HDL2

CC LEC FINALS (1 decks)

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