Lipid Structure and Function

Question 1

What do phospholipids and glycerophospholipids contain?

Answer 1

Glycerophospholipids are phospholipids that conain two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

Question 2

In a Normal Distribution, what can be said about the mean, median, and mode?

Answer 2

These values will be relatively close to each other.

Question 3

Sphingolipids

Answer 3

have a sphingosine head… an amphipathic head (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)… also contain sphingosine with is a fatty acid backbone.

Question 4

Why do we make more triglycerides than glycogen for energy storage?

Answer 4

Glycogen storage requires a significant amount of water while triglyceride storage does not…..

Glycogen’s polarity and hydrophilic nature attracts a good amount of water mass. The nonpolar nature of triglycerides means they’re hydrophobic and store little water mass.

Question 5

Glycogen

Answer 5

A hydroPHILIC molecule that is made as a glucose polymer.. and it coordinates tons of waters with it, hence it is primarily made in the liver and muscle cells, where water is plentiful.

Question 6

Cytokine structure

Answer 6

These are small proteins.

Question 7

Prostaglandins

Answer 7

Prostaglandins are 20 carbon molecules and contain one ring… there is a COOH group present.

Question 8

Common Examples of Steroids Are:

Answer 8

• Testosterone
• Estradiol
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol

Question 9

Palmitate is:

Answer 9

The fatty acid used in b-oxidation.. this means it has a COO (carboxyl) head.

Question 10

Binding proteins do

Answer 10

Binding… nothing more.. no enzymatic stuff, they only bind.

Question 11

If dish soap has NaOH, how does it work on fats that clog drains?

Answer 11

NaOH hydrolyzes triacylglycerols that clog the drain, increasing miscibility with water

Question 12

Pancreas is involved how with fats?

Answer 12

The pancreas secretes lipases. These degrade fats and fat soluble vitamins such as A,D,E, and K.

Question 13

What is a Wax?

Answer 13

Waxes are esters made from long chain fatty acids and long chain alcohols.

i.e. CH3(CH2)28CH2OH + CH3(CH2)24COOH

This reaction show the formation of an ester from a long chain alcohol and a long chain fatty acid. This is how wax is made.

Question 14

Constitutively Active Receptor

Answer 14

Constitutively active receptor mutants are thought to adopt spontaneously a conformation able to activate G protein,

Question 15

Amphipathic

Answer 15

Any molecule with groups that cause it to be bot polar and non-polar…

even just having one OH group on a big nonpolar molecule make the molecule amphipathic. i.e. cholesterol

Liposomes, micelles, and the phospholipid bilayer are examples of the structures formed by amphipathic lipids.

Question 16

Cholesterol Functions

Answer 16

• Cholesterol helps maintain flexibility in cell membranes through interactions with the phospholipid fatty acid chains.
• Serves as precursor to many other steroids

Question 17

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 17

These type of fats do not stack very well because of the strain from pi bonds. As a result they have much lower melting temperature.

Common examples include Olive Oil.

Question 18

Saturated Fats

Answer 18

These type of fats have little or no pi bonds, and as a result are very flexible and can line up in a shape very well.. With the low amount of strain, these have a higher melting temperature then unsaturated fats.

Examples of saturated fats are butter because its solid at room temperature.

Question 19

Negative Enthalpy

Answer 19

Negative Enthalpy takes place if a reaction has occurred.

(i.e. Hydrogenation of a unsaturated carbob-carbon bond after H2 + Ni was added… the reaction happened, thus enthalpy was negative).

Question 20

Lipid Raft

Answer 20

Cholesterol rich domains

Question 21

A reaction that is said to be highly specific

Answer 21

can distinguish the enzymatic activity of the enzyme of choice very well form the other enzymatic reactions taking place at the same time.