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Molecular Nutrition > Lipid Practical > Flashcards

Lipid Practical Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lipid ?

A

Esters (acylglycerols) formed in condensation reactions between the OH groups of glycerol and the COOH groups of fatty acids

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2
Q

What are some examples of lipids ?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Waxes
  3. Sterols
  4. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  5. Monoglycerides
  6. Diglycerides
  7. Triglycerides
  8. Phospholipids
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3
Q

What are some functions of lipids ?

A
  1. Storing energy
  2. Structural components of cell membranes
  3. Cell signalling
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4
Q

What are some examples of lipids ?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Waxes
  3. Sterols
  4. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  5. Monoglycerides
  6. Diglycerides
  7. Triglycerides
  8. Phospholipids
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5
Q

What are some functions of lipids ?

A
  1. Storing energy
  2. Structural components of cell membranes
  3. Cell signalling
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6
Q

What are the components of a low density lipid (LDL) cholesterol ?

A
  1. Unesterified cholesterol
  2. Phospholipid
  3. Cholesterol ester
  4. Apoprotein B-100
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7
Q

What are acylglycerols ?

A

Lipids and esters

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8
Q

How would you recognise an ester ?

A
  • Has a double bond O
  • Has a single bond O
  • Comes from a carboxylic acid, the H group from the OH is removed
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9
Q

How is an ester formed ?

A

By a condensation reaction

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10
Q

What is a condensation reaction ?

A

When two molecules are combined together to create one molecule usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water

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11
Q

What reactions are acylglycerols formed from ?

A

Condensation reactions between the OH groups of glycerol and the COOH groups of fatty acids

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12
Q

What are fatty acids stored as ?

A

Triacylglycerol/triacylglceride

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13
Q

What is tripalmitin ?

A

A triglyceride derived from the fatty acid palmitic acid

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14
Q

What is triolein ?

A

Triolein is a triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid.

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15
Q

Is cholesterol polar or non-polar ?

A

Cholesterol is non-polar except for the hydroxyl group

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16
Q

What is thin layer chromatography ?

A

Chromatography is a method for separating the components of a mixture by differential adsorption between a stationary phase and a mobile moving phase

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17
Q

In thin layer chromatography, what state is the mobile (moving phase) ?

A

Liquid

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18
Q

What phase is the stationary phase in ?

A

Silica

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19
Q

Would you describe a silica stationary phase as polar or non-polar ?

A

Polar

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20
Q

What does qualitative mean ?

A

Chemical analysis designed to identify the components of a substance or mixture

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21
Q

Where does iodine add across ?

A

The double bond

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22
Q

What does ninhydrin react with ?

A

Amino groups

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23
Q

Why does ninhydrin not detect phosphatidylcholine ?

A

Phosphatidylcholine contains no amino groups which ninhydrin detects

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24
Q

What are fatty acids ?

A

Carboxylic acids with long chain hydrocarbon tails (often 16-18 carbons)

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25
Q

Are fatty acids hydrophobic or hydrophyllic ?

A

Hydrophobic

26
Q

Why are lipids not soluble in water ?

A

The fatty acid carbon chain is non-polar conferring hydrophobicity to fatty acids

27
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid ?

A

It has only one double bond

28
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid ?

A

Has more than one double bond

29
Q

How is monopalmitin formed ?

A

The reaction between one of the three alcohol groups on glycerol and one molecule of palmitic acid

30
Q

Why are plant lipids generally liquid whereas animal lipids generally solid ?

A

Plant oils are essentially pure triacylglycerols, with a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids than animal fats, which gives them lower melting points

31
Q

What are the two important classes of phospholipids ?

A
  1. Glycerophospholipids

2. Sphingolipids

32
Q

What is glycerol replaced with in sphingolipids ?

A

Sphingosine

33
Q

What is the key building block of membrane bilayers ?

A

Phosphatidylcholine

34
Q

Where is phosphatidylserine found ?

A

Myelin from brain tissue and hen egg yolk

35
Q

What are some roles of cholesterol ?

A
  1. Component of cell membrane
  2. Maintains membrane fluidity
  3. Biological precursor for many important biological compound including steroid hormones, bile salts and vitamin D
36
Q

What are the essential components of a chromatography system ?

A
  1. A stationary phase
  2. A chromatographic bed
  3. A mobile phase
37
Q

What does iodine vapour bind to ?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

38
Q

What does fluorscecin spray bind to ?

A

Non-specific binds to all lipids

39
Q

What does ninhydrin spray bind to ?

A

Amino groups

40
Q

What does molybdenum blue bind to ?

A

Specific for phospholipids

41
Q

What happens when iodine vapour binds to unsaturated fatty acids ?

A

Brown spots appear due to the addition reaction of I2 across double bonds

42
Q

What happens when fluorscecin spray binds to a lipid ?

A

Fluorescent spots are visible under UV light

43
Q

What happens when ninhydrin spray binds to amino groups ?

A

Purple spots appear when the plate is heated

44
Q

What happens when molybdenum blue binds to phospholipids ?

A

Blue spots appear

45
Q

Why centrifuge ?

A

To separate emulsion into two layers

46
Q

How do explain the relative mobilities of mono, di and tri palmitin

A

They are lipids, monopalmitin is the most polar, followed by dipalmitin and tripalmitin is non polar

47
Q

Why did iodine stain almond and olive oils but not acylglycerols

A

Acylglyerols are not unsaturated fatty acids

48
Q

What can be said about the lipid composition of almond and olive oil

A

Olive oil contains a more non-polar lipid

49
Q

What is oleic acids also known as ?

A

cis-9-octadecenoic acid

50
Q

What is linoleic acid also known as ?

A

cis,cis-9, 12-Octadecdienoic acid

omega 6 fatty acid

51
Q

What is alpha-linolenic acid ?

A

cis, cis, cis - 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid

omega 3 fatty acid

52
Q

What is cholesterol a precursor of ?

A

Bile salts

53
Q

What does cholesterol have in its structure ?

A

Tetracyclic ring

54
Q

Is stearic acid saturated, unsaturated, etc ?

A

saturated

55
Q

Is linoleic acid saturated, unsaturated etc. ?

A

Polyunsaturated

56
Q

Is oleic acid saturated, unsaturated etc. ?

A

Monounsaturated

57
Q

Is linolenic acid saturated, unsaturated etc. ?

A

Polyunsaturated

58
Q

What type of fat has the lowest melting point ?

A

Unsaturated

59
Q

What type of fat has the highest melting point ?

A

Saturated

60
Q

What type of fat has the highest melting point ?

A

Saturated fats

61
Q

Place monopalmitin, dipalmitin and tripalmitin in order of increasing hydrophobicity ?

A

monopalmitin
dipalmitin
tripalmitin

62
Q

What is the formula of phosphatidyl serine ?

A

C13 H24 NO10 P

Molecular Nutrition (1 decks)

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