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Biochemistry Exam 2 > Lipid Membranes > Flashcards

Lipid Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are ______

A

Amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

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2
Q

What is the structure of a lipid/fatty acid?

A

Hydrocarbon and Carboxyl group

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3
Q

Fatty acids can be ____ or ______

A

saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (has double bonds)

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4
Q

What is the MP of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- Higher

Unsaturated- Lower

*Note that shorter fatty acids melt at lower temperatures than longer fatty acids

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5
Q

What is the Flexibility of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- High

Unsaturated- Low

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6
Q

What is the C-C bonds of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- All

Unsaturated- Many

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7
Q

What is the C=C bonds of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- None

Unsaturated- Cis/Trans

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8
Q

What is the Shape of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- Linear

Unsaturated- Cis (Bend More), Trans (Bent Less)

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9
Q

What is the Dietary Source of saturated compared to unsaturated

A

Saturated- Animal Fats (ex. butter/lard)

Unsaturated:
Cis- Plant Oils (Olive oil) and Omega Fatty Acids
Trans- Processed fats

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10
Q

What are the examples to know of saturated fatty acids

A

MBA PSLL

Saturated:
Myristic Acid
Behenic Acid
Arachidic Acid

Palmitic Acid
Stearic Acid
Lignoceric Acid
Lauric Acid

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11
Q

What are the examples to know of unsaturated fatty acids for cis and trans

A

Cis:
POLL DEA

Palmitoleic Acid
Oleic Acid
Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Acid
Arachidonic Acid
EPA and DHA

Trans- Partially hydrogenated oils

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12
Q

What is a micelle?

A

Circles that fatty acids form when introduced to a hydrophilic environment like water

Hydrophilic heads are on the outside
Hydrophobic tails are pointing to the inside

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13
Q

How do you number the fatty acids?

A

Start with 1 on the first carbon of the carboxyl group and the second carbon is called alpha, 3 is beta, etc.

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14
Q

When you see n- or cis-/trans-, what does this tell you about in the fatty acid?

A

These tell you exactly what is in the fatty acid

n- means it is unsaturated

cis-/trans- means the type of double bond(s)

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15
Q

What does it mean if the fatty acid ends in:

  • an
  • en
  • dien
  • trien
  • tetraen
  • oic Acid
  • oate
A
  • an means saturated
  • en –> 1 double bond
  • dien –> 2 double bonds
  • trien –> 3 double bonds
  • tetraen –> 4 double bonds
  • oic Acid means protonated/acid
  • oate means deprotonated/conjugate base
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16
Q

What ∆^# mean for a fatty acid?

A

It denotes the number of carbons from the carboxyle end the double bond is located

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17
Q

How many carbons does hexadecanoid acid have?

A

16

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18
Q

Describe the common naming method of fatty acids

A

The first number defines the total number of carbons
The second number defines the total number of double bonds, but not their locations

15:2

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19
Q 
Describe:
Stearate (18:0)
Oleate (18:1)
Linoleate (18:2)
Linolenate (18:3)
A

Stearate (18:0)- 18 carbons with 0 double bonds
Oleate (18:1)- 18 carbons with 1 double bond
Linoleate (18:2)- 18 carbons with 2 double bonds
Linolenate (18:3)- 18 carbons with 3 double bonds

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20
Q

How are Omega fatty acids named?

A

For their position of the double bond closest to te methyl end of the fatty acid, in other words you count from the end of the carbon chain till you hit the next double bond.

Omega-3 means no matter the length of the fatty acid the double bond is 3 carbons from the end

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21
Q

What are the 5 Omega-3 Fatty acids and their 3 letter names?

A

If you take LSD –> You go to the ED

Linolenic Acid (18:3)/ALA
Strearidonic Acid (18:4)/SDA
Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5)/DPA
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5)/EPA
Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6)/DHA
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22
Q

What are the 3 Omega-6 fatty acids and their 3 letter names?

A 
Linoleic Acid (18:2)/LA
Arachidonic Acid (20:4)/AA
Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5)/DPA
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23
Q

What are the 2 omega fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by humans?

A 
Linoleic Acid (18:2)/LA an Omega-6
Linolenic Acid (18:3)/ALA an Omega-3
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24
Q

Linolenic Acid (18:3)/ALA is inefficiently converted into what two other omega fatty acids?

A

EPA(20:5) Omega-3

DHA (22:6) Omega-3

25
Q

What are 3 important functions of Omega fatty acids?

A

Used in cell membrane and other important lipids
A common energy source
Promote cardiovascular health

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of triacylglycerols (TAGS)?

A

Polar head- Glycerol

Hydrophobic Tails- 3 fatty acid chains

27
Q

How are waxes similar to triacylglycerols?

A

Same structure except they have an alcohol rather than a glycerol as a polar head group

28
Q

Describe the lipid structure of Archaebacteria

A

Archael lipid membranes contain branched fatty acids

29
Q

What are the 3 categories of cell membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids- contain phosphates
Glycolipids- contains sugars
Cholesterol

30
Q

__________ are the majority component of cell membranes

A

Glycerophospholipids

31
Q

What is the structure of a glycerophospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol

Glycerol connected to a phosphate that is connected to an alcohol

32
Q

What are the common alcohols that are added to the phosphate in glycerophospholipids?

A

Amino acids= Serine
Sugar-Alcohols= Inositol, glycerol
Organics= Ethanolamine, Choline

33
Q

_______ attaches a fatty acid to an amine

A

Shingomyelin

34
Q

What are Glycosphingolipids important for?

A

ABO blood type antigens

Cell signaling

35
Q

What are the components of a Glycoglycerolipid?

A

Carbohydrate
Glycerol
Fatty acid

Carbohydrate attached to a glycerol, which is attached a fatty acid

36
Q

Where do we find Glycoglycerolipids?

A

They are found in plants and bacteria, but rarely in animals

37
Q

What adds rigidity to cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

What are the 2 functions of a lipid bilayer?

A
  1. A 2-D liquid that allows lateral movement of proteins and lipids
  2. A permeability barrier
39
Q

What composes the cell membrane?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

40
Q

What is the main component of the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

41
Q

Where do you find carbohydrates?

A

On the surface of lipids and proteins and they are NOT in contact with the cytosol because that is found inside the cell

42
Q

Where are integral membrane proteins found?

A

Inserted in the membranes and the span the entire width of the lipid bilayer

43
Q

Membrane proteins have lots of ______ amino acids displayed on their surfaces. What is good and bad about this?

What is the solution to this?

A

Hydrophobic

Because they are:
Good for living in a hydrophobic environment
Bad if the cytoplasm of the cell is aqueous

Solution: Cotranslational insertion- prevents hydrophobic amino acids from coming into contact with the aqueous cytosol.

44
Q

Where do you find peripheral membrane proteins?

A

They span only part of the width of the lipid bilayer

45
Q

Membrane anchors are ______

A

Hydrophobic

46
Q

Membrane proteins consitute _______ of the proteome

A

30%

47
Q

What are the 5 functions of membrane proteins?

A 
Receive exteral signals
Transmit signals into cytoplasm
Transmit signals to another cell
Allow solutes through the membrane
Help to determine membrane thickness and rigidity
48
Q

Lipids are 2-D fluids, allowing only _____ _____ of components.

A

Lateral Movements

49
Q

In bacteria, what determines the rigidity of the membrane?

A

The fatty acid composition

Whereas in humans this is determined by cholesterol

50
Q

Membranes are ______ in structure

A

Asymmetrical

51
Q

Which movement is faster within the membrane, lateral or transverse diffusion?

A

Lateral diffusion is faster

Transverse diffusion is vertical flipping from one side of the bilayer to the other, and that is very slow

52
Q

Fatty acids are primarily hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

53
Q

What is a common source for Omega Fatty Acids?

A

Fish Oil

54
Q

What is more useful, systematic names or common names of fatty acids?

Which will we see more in the medical field?

A

Systematic names are more useful for identifying the structure of the fatty acid

We will see the common name more in the medical field

55
Q

How many Angstroms is the width of the lipid bilayer?
What about for just the hydrophobic region?

Convert this to nm’s now

A

Lipid bilayer= 60-100 Angstroms
Hydrophobic Region= 30 Angstroms

10 Angstroms= 1nm

56
Q

If a carbohydrate is found on the surface of the cell, in which direction does it face, toward the inside of the cell or towards the outside?

A

To the outside of the cell because carbohydrates do not come into contact with the cytosol/cytoplasm of the cell, which is found within the cell

57
Q

If a carbohydrate is found on the surface of an organelle, in which direction does it face, toward the inside of the organelle or towards the outside?

A

Toward the inside of the organelle because carbohydrates do not come into contact with the cytosol/cytoplasm of the cell, which is found outside of organelles

58
Q

What allows for both vertical and lateral movement of components in lipids?

A

Heat

Biochemistry Exam 2 (13 decks)

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