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Biochemistry II > Lipdid Biosyntheis > Flashcards

Lipdid Biosyntheis Flashcards

1
Q

fatty acid synthesis occurs with excess?

A

CHO, aa

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2
Q

fa synthesis occurs where?

A

liver and adipose

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3
Q

humans can synthesize what kind of fa?

A

sat and some unsat

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4
Q

fa synthesis main precursor?

A

acetyl-CoA

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5
Q

any substance (mainly CHO) that can be taken into acetyl-CoA can be?

A

stored as a fa

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6
Q

lipogenic

A

substance taken to acetyl-CoA and stored as a fa to be used as fuel

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7
Q

3 fs synthesis systems

A

cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, microsomal

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8
Q

cytoplasmic is?

A

major pathway

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9
Q

mitochondrial sys is used for?

A

longer fa

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10
Q

microsomal sys is located?

A

ER

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11
Q

microsomal sys is where _______ is made?

A

unsaturated fa

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12
Q

common cytoplasmic fa

A

palmitic 16C

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13
Q

palmitic : Overall

A

acetyl-CoA + 7malonyl-Coa +14NADPH+ 14H > fa synthase complex> 7CO2 + 8CoA + 6 H2O + 14 NADP

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14
Q

NADPH + H comes from?

A

pentose shunt

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15
Q

malonyl CoA formation

A

acetyl-Coa + HCO3- {acetyl-Coa carboxylase} malonyl-CoA

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16
Q

enzyme used in malyonl-CoA rxn

A

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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17
Q

what activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

Citrate

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18
Q

what does high CHO do to citrate

A

increase citrate and fa synthesis

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19
Q

what does low CHO do to citrate

A

decrease citrate and produce ketones (liver)

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20
Q

acetyl-CoA must get out of mitochondria as part of?

A

citrate

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21
Q

citrate important b/c? (2)

A

activates key enzyme (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and transfers acetyl CoA to cytoplasm

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22
Q

biotin is a

A

coenzyme (vitamin) in the melyonal-CoA rxn

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23
Q

synthesis is?

A

anabolic

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24
Q

oxidation is?

A

catabolic

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25
Q

synthesis takes place?

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

oxidation takes place?

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

NADPH is used in synthsis or oxidation?

A

synthesis

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28
Q

NAD, FAD are used in synthsis or oxidation?

A

oxidation

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29
Q

multi-enzyme complex? (syn/oxd)

A

synthesis

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30
Q

soluble enzymes? (syn/oxd)

A

Oxidation

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31
Q

fa synthesis needs?

A

ATP, CO2 , biotin, malonyl-CoA, citrate

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32
Q

fa oxidation needs?

A

carnitine

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33
Q

carnitine needed to?

A

get fa into mitoch

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34
Q

FA Synthase has how many sub units?

A

7

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35
Q

FA Synthase roughly what process?

A

reverse B-Oxidation

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36
Q

fa synthase multi-enzyme complex requires?

A

NADPH from pentose shunt and malanol-CoA

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37
Q

increase in glucose =

A

slows down KC and increased citrate leaves mitoch and goes to cytosol

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38
Q

citratel in cytosol is broken down into?

A

acetyl-CoA

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39
Q

microsomal system is in?

A

ER

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40
Q

Elongation promarily ?

A

C16- C18

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41
Q

what follows elongation?

A

unsaturation

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42
Q

humans can make?

A

monosaturated and polyunsaturated fa

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43
Q

fa humans can NOT make

A

Linolenic, a-linolenic Omega 3 and 6

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44
Q

FA humans can make

A

Palmitoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic (Y-linolenic and Arachodonic)

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45
Q

Palmitic is made in the?

A

cytoplasm

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46
Q

steric, oleic is made in?

A

ER

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47
Q

cant make Y-Linolenic or Arachidonic w/o?

A

Linolenic acid

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48
Q

what is made form omega 3

A

PG3s

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49
Q

what is made from omega 6?

A

PG2s

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50
Q

PGs?

A

prostaglandins (local hormone-role in inflamation)

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51
Q

Regulation of FA SYnthase? (2)

A

Acetyl-Coa carboxylase

Malonyl-CoA

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52
Q

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activated by?

A

citrate, insulin, and increased CHO decreased fat (get de novo synthesis)

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53
Q

(+) citrate means large amount of what are present?

A

OA and acetyl-CoA

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54
Q

large amts of OA and Acetyle-CoA means its a good time for?

A

fa synthesis

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55
Q

decrease of OA or acetyl-CoA will decrease?

A

fa synthesis

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56
Q

decrease of OA will favor?

A

ketone production

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57
Q

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase is inhibited by?

A

palmitoyl-CoA (feed back mechanism)

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58
Q

Malonyl-CoA inhibited by

A

fa transfer into mitoch at carnitine step

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59
Q

TG location

A

liver adipose sm intestines

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60
Q

phosphoglyceride synthesis location

A

all cells (lipid bylayer)ch

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61
Q

need what to make TG?

A

3fa-CoA, glycerol, 7ATP

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62
Q

need what to make Phospoglycerides ?

A

lecithin, 2fa-Coa, glycerol, choline (7ATP–ATP, CTP)

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63
Q

why TG made in adipocytes? liver? sm intestines?

A

storage
VLDLS
Chylomicrons

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64
Q

cholesterol metabolism mostly in?

A

liver

65
Q

800mg made per day to replace?

A

cholesterol lost as bile

66
Q

as cholesterol intake increases feed back regulatoin does what?

A

decreases cholesterol production

67
Q

what does it take to made cholesterol?

A

acetyl-CoA

68
Q

cholesterol biosynthesis overall

A

acetyle-CoA, isoprene units, ATP, NADPH

69
Q

HMG-CoA reductase ?

A

key regulatory enzyme (cholesterol) multiple levels of regulation

70
Q

HMG-CoA long-term regulation: cholesterol intake causes?

A

decr. HMG-CoA reductase leves, decr. production, increases HMG-CoA reductase degradation

71
Q

Short-term

A

phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation

72
Q

HMG-CoA reductase :

P-form is

A

inactive

73
Q

HMG-CoA reductase :

de-P-form is

A

active

74
Q

de-P favors?

A

increased ATP/AMP

75
Q

statins

A

competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

76
Q

is it a catabolic process to get rid of cholesterol?

A

no

77
Q

what happens to cholesterol in liver?

A

excreted, converted to bile acids and packaged into VLDL

78
Q

bile salt is a ?

A

bile acid conjugated with aa

79
Q

reasons for lipid transport

A
  1. transport diatary lipids 2.transport of tg, cholesterol to tissues 3. excretion of cholesterol in bile, 4. release of ffa during mobilization
80
Q

lipoprotein diameter from smallest to largest

A

HDL,LDL,VLDL,chylomicron

81
Q

B Apoprotein binds where?

A

at LDL receptor

82
Q

LCAT adds fa from lecithin to?

A

cholesterol (in blood and sometimes associated with HDL)

83
Q

VLDL increase with

A

CHO in diet

84
Q

VLDL represents

A

transport of tg from liver to tissue

85
Q

deposit of tg requires

A

lipoprotein lipase

86
Q

lipoprotein lipase is found where

A

surface of capillary endothelial cells (breaks down tg to ffa + glycerol so it can be absorbed)

87
Q

LDLs are remnats of?

A

VLDL

88
Q

LDL loose?

A

tg, some spo-proteins and gain cholesterol

89
Q

serum cholesterol is associated with?

A

LDL

90
Q

LDL absorbed via

A

LDL receptor

91
Q

LDL cholesterol is used for

A

membrane components and steroid precursors

92
Q

2 types of LDL

A

larger (more cholesterol) smaller( incr. tg denser)~plaque

93
Q

HDL first made as

A

phospholipid and protein

94
Q

HDL prevent

A

excess cholesterol accumulation

95
Q

HDL removes?

A

excess cholesterol

96
Q

HDL transfers excess cholesterol where?

A
  1. back into LDLs 2 delivered back to liver (reverse cholesterol transport)
97
Q

reversi cholesterol transfer requires

A

enzyme: lecithen cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)

98
Q

LCAT is able to add

A

fa to cholesterol

99
Q

LCAT can add fa to cholesterol which can be enriched with

A

lipoprotein

100
Q

chylomicrons carry?

A

dietary fats

101
Q

chylomicrons formed with in?

A

mucosa

102
Q

chylomicrons go through?

A

lymphatics and wnter blood via thoracic duct

103
Q

the tg portion of the chylomicron is removed via?

A

LPLase

104
Q

LPLase elaves what behind?

A

chylomicron remnant (picked up by liver)

105
Q

serum albumen carries?

A

ffa released from adipose in mobilization ( not directly measured as blood lipids but some packaged in liver into VLDL)

106
Q

transport of lipids from liver feedback mechanism?

A

incr. cholesterol: (-) HMG-CoA reductase, decr. LD receptors

107
Q

tg synthesis balanced with

A

VLDL synthesis and release into blood

108
Q

if tg and VLDL equilibrium is altered?

A

tg begin to deposit in liver = fatty liver

109
Q

what decreases VLDL

A

decr. dietary protein and choline

110
Q

what incereases tg synthesis

A

diabetess, starvation and ethanol

111
Q

ethsnol in excess intake causes?

A

decr gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia

112
Q

ethonol metabolism: increased NADH-NAD inhibits

A

gluconeogenesis and lactate from going to pyruvate

113
Q

water soluble vitamines primary function is?

A

as a coenzyme

114
Q

Thiamine-B1 coemzyme form

A

Thiamine pyrophospate (TTP)

115
Q

(B!): Thiamine pyrophosphate general role

A

oxidative decarboxylation

116
Q

B1-Thiamine: oxidative decarboxylation pathwayL

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase and a-kg dehydrogenase (in KC)

117
Q

no oxidative metabolism or no KC if no?

A

Thiamine

118
Q

what rxn require thiamine and is part of the pentose shunt

A

transketolase

119
Q

B1-thiamine deficiency

A

Beri-Beri: damage to nervous and cardiac systems

120
Q

beriberi decreases aerobic CHO metabolish and you get elevated?

A

lactate and pyruvate because cant use pyruvate entry at PDH rxn (so both accumulate bc cant use aerobic metabolism)

121
Q

Riboflavin-B2 coenzyme

A

FAD nucleotide

122
Q

riboflavin-B2 general role

A

H+, e carrier (coenzyme for oxd/red rxn)

123
Q

Riboflavin-B2 pathways

A

KC,ETS,B-ocidation (fa oxd & ) PDH rxn

124
Q

Riboflavin-B2 deficiency

A

dermatitis and cheilosis (cracked mouth)

125
Q

Niacin-B3 coenzyme

A

NAD & NADP nucleotide

126
Q

Niacin-B3 general role

A

H+, e carrier (coenzyme for oxd/red rxn)

127
Q

Niacin-B3 pathways

A

PDH, KC, ETS, B-Oxd, Pentose shunt, FA synthesis

128
Q

Niacin-B3 deficiency

A

pellagra (low in tryptophan)

129
Q

niacin precursor?

A

tryptophan

130
Q

B6 coenzymes

A

PLP, PMP

131
Q

B6 general role

A

coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, transamination (amino transer)
Decarboxylations

132
Q

Decarboxylation examples: Glutamate > ?

tryptophan >? glycine>?

A

GABA
seritonin
heme

133
Q

lack of B6 causes disorders in

A

nervous sys (NT) and anemia (linked to heme)

134
Q

panthothenic acid coenzyme

A

nucleotide part of Coenzyme A

135
Q

panthothenic deficency

A

rare

136
Q

folic acif coenzyme

A

tetrahdrofolate (THF)

137
Q

fo\the diff forms of folic acid are also

A

1C derivatives of folic acid

138
Q

folic acid function

A

acts as coenzyme in 1C transfers like Purine Biosynthesis

139
Q

Folic acid deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia

140
Q

B12 function

A

coenzyme in 1C transpositions and transfers

141
Q

what accumulates if B12 deficient?

A

methyl and homocystine, methylmalonate

142
Q

B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia or dietary deficiency

143
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of intrensic factor

144
Q

diatary deficiency

A

seen in vegitarians

145
Q

SAM is a?

A

Methyl donar

146
Q

Biotin function

A

coenzyme in carboxylations

147
Q

which carboxylations in Biotin a coensyme in

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Pyruvate Carboxylase

148
Q

Biotin Deficiency

A

none

149
Q

Vit C function

A

collagen synthesis and cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase

150
Q

Vit c invilved in collagen synthesis- required for?

A

hydroxylation of proline (also lysine)

151
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

scurvy

152
Q

Fat Soluble vit

A

A D E K

153
Q

Vit A function

A

required for growth and maintenance of epithelial tissue

154
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

xerophthalmia in children and night blindness in adults

155
Q

Vit E function

A

antioxidant = protects against lipid perioxidation

156
Q

Vit K function

A

cofactor for carboxylations of glutamic acid

157
Q

vit K sensative enzyme or zymogen is?

A

prothrombin (II)

158
Q

Vit K deficiency results in

A

hemorrhagic disease

Biochemistry II (2 decks)

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