Linux Foundation

Question 1

Which of the following commands can be used to lock a user’s account so that they cannot log into a Linux server without removing any files, folders, or data?

A. lock
B. usermod
C. userdel
D. chmod

Answer 1

To lock a user’s account so that they cannot log into a Linux server without removing any files, folders, or data, you can use the usermod command. Specifically, you would use usermod to disable the account, effectively locking it. The usermod command allows you to modify various user account properties, including disabling or locking a user’s account.

The appropriate option to lock a user’s account using usermod is:

```bash
sudo usermod –lock <username>
~~~</username>

Replace <username> with the actual username of the account you want to lock.

For example:

```bash
sudo usermod –lock john
~~~

This command locks the account for the user “john,” preventing them from logging in while retaining their files and data.

Question 2

Which of the following technologies is supported by the majority of cloud providers in order to support the orchestration of containerized applications?

A. Kubernetes
B. Vagrant
C. Ansible
D. Terraform

Answer 2

A. Kubernetes

Kubernetes is the technology supported by the majority of cloud providers for orchestrating containerized applications. Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It provides a highly flexible and scalable environment for running applications in containers.

Many cloud providers offer managed Kubernetes services, allowing users to easily deploy and manage Kubernetes clusters without the need to handle the underlying infrastructure complexities. These managed Kubernetes services ensure high availability, scalability, and seamless integration with other cloud services.

Vagrant, Ansible, and Terraform are also important tools in the realm of cloud computing and automation, but they are not primarily focused on container orchestration. Vagrant is used for creating and configuring lightweight, portable development environments, Ansible is used for configuration management and automation, and Terraform is used for infrastructure provisioning and management. While these tools have their own purposes and use cases in cloud deployment and automation, Kubernetes specifically addresses the orchestration needs of containerized applications, making it the go-to choice for most cloud providers in this context.

Question 3

An IT team is currently implementing a custom software platform to address some key needs of the company. Which of the following is considered a functional requirement?

A. Identifying the purpose of the proposed system
B. Identifying the users of the proposed system
C. Identifying the development methodology
D. Identifying the technology stack of the proposed system

Answer 3

A functional requirement in the context of software development specifies what the system should do, its functions, and how it should behave under various conditions. Let’s examine the options provided:

A. Identifying the purpose of the proposed system - This is not a functional requirement. It’s about understanding the overall goal or objective of the system, which guides the development process.

B. Identifying the users of the proposed system - This is more related to understanding the stakeholders and users of the system. It’s essential for gathering requirements, but it’s not a functional requirement by itself.

C. Identifying the development methodology - This is not a functional requirement. It’s about selecting an approach or methodology for how the software will be developed.

D. Identifying the technology stack of the proposed system - This can be considered a functional requirement. It defines what technologies and tools the system will use to achieve its functions. For instance, specifying that the system will use a specific programming language, database, frameworks, etc., to perform certain functions would be a functional requirement.

Therefore, option D (Identifying the technology stack of the proposed system) is the one that aligns with the concept of a functional requirement.

Question 4

A server on the network is unreachable. What is the best method to verify connectivity between your computer and the remote server?

A. lookup
B. find
C. ping
D. netstat

Answer 4

C. ping

The best method to verify connectivity between your computer and a remote server is to use the “ping” command. The “ping” command is a network diagnostic tool that sends ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request packets to the target server and waits for responses. If the server is reachable and responsive, you’ll receive a series of responses indicating the round-trip time.

To use the “ping” command, open a command prompt or terminal and type:

```bash
ping <server_address_or_ip>
~~~</server_address_or_ip>

Replace <server_address_or_ip> with the actual address or IP of the remote server you want to test.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. lookup: The “lookup” command is not a standard networking command. It’s likely a typo or misunderstanding, as the correct term is usually “nslookup,” which is used for querying DNS (Domain Name System) to obtain domain name or IP address information.

B. find: The “find” command is used in various operating systems to search for files and directories based on specific criteria. It’s not related to network connectivity testing.

D. netstat: The “netstat” command displays network-related information such as network connections, routing tables, and network interface statistics. It can provide useful information about the local system’s network connections but doesn’t directly test connectivity to a remote server.

Question 5

A company’s IT associate lists the contents of a directory and sees this line:
-rwsr-x–x 2 bob sales 2047 Oct 10 09:44 sales-report
What happens when Alice from the accounting team tries to execute this file?

A. The script executes using Bob’s account.
B. The script executes, but Alice cannot see the results.
C. The script executes and Bob is notified.
D. The script fails to execute; Alice is not on the sales team.

Answer 5

A. The script executes using Bob’s account.

In the given scenario, the file “sales-report” has the setuid (suid) permission set for the owner, Bob. The “s” in the permissions -rwsr-x--x indicates the setuid bit is set. When the setuid permission is set on an executable file, it allows any user who runs the file to have the permissions of the owner of the file during its execution.

Since Alice executes the file, which has the setuid bit set and is owned by Bob, the script will execute using Bob’s account, essentially inheriting Bob’s permissions and access rights during execution. This is a security mechanism that allows certain programs to execute with elevated privileges or access levels even when run by a regular user.

Question 6

A software development team uses a single physical server for testing the latest code in multiple environments: development, pre-production, and production.
What is the recommended approach to maintain the basic security of these environments?

A. Assign different developers on the team to work on test, pre-prod, and prod code.
B. Implement peer review for all the changes deployed into any of the environments.
C. Develop and deploy each environment with its own set of software tools.
D. Use different user/group IDs for deploying and running workload in each environment.

Answer 6

D. Use different user/group IDs for deploying and running workload in each environment.

Using different user/group IDs for deploying and running workloads in each environment is a recommended approach to maintain the basic security of multiple environments (development, pre-production, and production) on a shared server. This practice helps in segregating access and permissions for each environment, reducing the risk of unauthorized access or unintended actions in a particular environment affecting others.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. Assign different developers on the team to work on test, pre-prod, and prod code: While assigning different developers can provide some level of separation, it may not be sufficient for security purposes. It’s essential to ensure that even if a person has access to multiple environments, their access and actions are controlled and restricted appropriately.

B. Implement peer review for all the changes deployed into any of the environments: Peer review is an important practice for code quality and correctness, but it doesn’t directly address security concerns associated with running different environments on a shared server.

C. Develop and deploy each environment with its own set of software tools: While deploying each environment with its own set of software tools can be beneficial for customization and control, it may not inherently provide security against unauthorized access or actions.

Option D, using different user/group IDs, is the most effective way to ensure a level of isolation and security between the environments on the shared server.

Question 7

Which utility is used to create public and private key pairs for SSH authentication?

A. adduser
B. ssh-keygen
C. keygen
D. ssh

Answer 7

B. ssh-keygen

The ssh-keygen utility is used to create public and private key pairs for SSH (Secure Shell) authentication. SSH keys are a pair of cryptographic keys that can be used to authenticate to an SSH server as an alternative to password-based logins. The ssh-keygen command generates these keys, allowing secure authentication without the need for passwords.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. adduser: The adduser command is used to add a new user to the system. It is not used for generating SSH key pairs.

C. keygen: “keygen” is not a standard command in Linux or SSH. The correct command for creating SSH key pairs is ssh-keygen.

D. ssh: The ssh command is used to initiate an SSH connection to a remote server. It is not used for generating SSH key pairs.

Question 8

What does LVM stand for?

A. Logical Virtualization Manager
B. Linux Volume Manager
C. Logical Volume Manager
D. Linux Virtualization Manager

Answer 8

What does LVM stand for?

A. Logical Virtualization Manager
B. Linux Volume Manager
C. Logical Volume Manager
D. Linux Virtualization Manager

Question 9

Encryption that uses both a private key and public key is known as what?

A. Key Pair Encryption (symmetric cryptography)
B. HMAC Cryptography (hash based message authentication)
C. Public Key Cryptography (asymmetric cryptography)
D. DPE (dual-phased hybrid encryption)

Answer 9

C. Public Key Cryptography (asymmetric cryptography)

Encryption that uses both a private key and a public key is known as Public Key Cryptography, which is a form of asymmetric cryptography. In this system, a pair of keys is used: a public key for encryption and a corresponding private key for decryption. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key, and vice versa.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. Key Pair Encryption (symmetric cryptography): This term is not commonly used in the context of encryption. Symmetric cryptography typically involves using a single key for both encryption and decryption.

B. HMAC Cryptography (hash-based message authentication): HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) is a mechanism for verifying the integrity and authenticity of a message. It is not directly related to encryption with both a private and public key.

D. DPE (dual-phased hybrid encryption): “DPE” is not a standard term in the context of encryption. Hybrid encryption is a common term used to describe a combination of symmetric and asymmetric encryption, but “DPE” is not a standard abbreviation for this concept.

Question 10

An IT associate would find the log files for syslog in which of the following directories?

A. /var/log
B. /usr/local/logs
C. /home/logs
D. /etc/logs

Answer 10

A. /var/log

The log files for the syslog service on a Linux system are typically found in the /var/log directory. The syslog service, which is responsible for system logging, stores its log files in various files within the /var/log directory to track system events, messages, and other important information.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

B. /usr/local/logs: This is not a standard location for syslog logs. The standard log directory is /var/log.

C. /home/logs: This is not a standard location for syslog logs. The standard log directory is /var/log.

D. /etc/logs: The /etc directory is typically used for configuration files, not for storing log files. Standard practice is to store log files in /var/log.

Question 11

Which of the following deployment environments is accessed by customers/end-users in a live or real-time fashion?

A. Production
B. Runtime
C. Staging
D. Website

Answer 11

A. Production

The “Production” deployment environment is the one accessed by customers and end-users in a live or real-time fashion. In a production environment, the software, applications, or services are fully developed, tested, and made available to end-users for regular usage. It’s the live and operational environment where users access the final, stable version of the product or service.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

B. Runtime: “Runtime” generally refers to the period during which a program or application is executing. It is not a specific deployment environment.

C. Staging: The “Staging” environment is a pre-production environment used for testing and validating new features, updates, or changes before they are moved to the production environment.

D. Website: “Website” is not a deployment environment; it is the platform or interface through which users access services or information online. The website could be hosted in either a staging or production environment.

Question 12

Which port is normally required to be open for secure remote interactive shell access to Linux systems?

A. 443/tcp
B. 23/tcp
C. 22/tcp
D. 25/tcp

Answer 12

C. 22/tcp

Port 22 is the standard port used for secure remote interactive shell access to Linux systems via the SSH (Secure Shell) protocol. SSH provides a secure way to access and manage a remote system’s command-line interface, allowing for secure logins and encrypted communication between the client and the server.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. 443/tcp: Port 443 is used for HTTPS (HTTP Secure) communication, typically used for secure web browsing. It’s not the default port for SSH.

B. 23/tcp: Port 23 is used for Telnet, an older and less secure protocol for remote shell access. Telnet is not recommended for secure communication due to its lack of encryption.

D. 25/tcp: Port 25 is used for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which is used for email communication. It’s not related to remote shell access.

Question 13

What is the underlying technology that allows containers to be restricted to defined limits for system resource usage such as CPU, memory, and network bandwidth?

A. climits
B. UnionFS
C. Namespaces
D. cgroups

Answer 13

D. cgroups

The underlying technology that allows containers to be restricted to defined limits for system resource usage such as CPU, memory, and network bandwidth is called cgroups (control groups). Cgroups is a Linux kernel feature that allows the allocation of resources and setting of limits for processes and groups of processes, which is crucial for the proper management and control of containerized applications.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. climits: “climits” is not a standard or recognized term related to containerization or resource management.

B. UnionFS: UnionFS (Union File System) is a filesystem service for Linux that allows files and directories to be transparently overlaid onto one another, but it is not directly related to resource limiting in containers.

C. Namespaces: Namespaces are a Linux kernel feature that provides process isolation, allowing processes to have their own view of the system, including their own process IDs, network stack, filesystem mounts, and more. While namespaces are a critical part of containerization, they are not primarily focused on resource limiting.

Question 14

Which option will cause ls to display hidden files and folders?

A. ls -v
B. ls -l
C. ls -a
D. ls -t

Answer 14

C. ls -a

The option -a with the ls command will display hidden files and folders. Hidden files and directories in Linux start with a dot (.), and the -a option stands for “all,” causing ls to show all entries, including hidden ones.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. ls -v: The -v option with ls (verbose) displays additional information for each file, but it does not specifically show hidden files.

B. ls -l: The -l option with ls (long format) displays detailed information for each file, including permissions, ownership, size, and more, but it does not specifically show hidden files.

D. ls -t: The -t option with ls (time) sorts files by modification time, with the most recently modified files listed first. It does not specifically show hidden files.

Question 15

In which file are system and user account passwords stored?

A. /etc/passwd
B. /etc/login.defs
C. /etc/shadow
D. /etc/secure

Answer 15

C. /etc/shadow

In Linux systems, the user account passwords (or more accurately, password hashes) are stored in the file /etc/shadow. This file is readable only by the superuser (root) to enhance security.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. /etc/passwd: The /etc/passwd file contains basic user account information, including usernames, user IDs, group IDs, home directories, and shell information. However, it does not store password information; that is stored in /etc/shadow.

B. /etc/login.defs: The /etc/login.defs file contains system-wide configuration for user authentication and password policies, but it does not store individual user passwords.

D. /etc/secure: “secure” is not a standard file related to password storage on Linux systems. Typically, sensitive information like passwords is stored in /etc/shadow.

Question 16

Which of these providers host repositories of container images?

A. Docker Hub
B. GitHub
C. Container Index
D. GitLab

Answer 16

A. Docker Hub

Docker Hub is a popular cloud-based platform that hosts repositories of container images. It serves as a central hub for developers to store, share, and access container images. Users can search for, pull, and push container images to and from Docker Hub. It’s widely used in the containerization community and supports Docker containers, making it a fundamental resource for building and deploying containerized applications.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

B. GitHub: GitHub is a widely used platform for version control and collaborative software development. While GitHub is commonly used to host source code repositories, including Dockerfiles and related files, it is not primarily focused on hosting container images.

C. Container Index: “Container Index” is not a specific, well-known platform for hosting container images. Docker Hub and other similar platforms fulfill this role in the containerization ecosystem.

D. GitLab: GitLab is another platform similar to GitHub, providing version control and collaboration features. Like GitHub, GitLab is used for hosting source code repositories rather than specifically focusing on hosting container images. However, GitLab does offer container image hosting capabilities through its built-in container registry.

Question 17

What is an appropriate cost consideration when implementing serverless functions in the cloud?

A. vCPU resources and disk cache
B. Elapsed time of function execution and memory used
C. Virtual machine configuration and memory allocation
D. Runtime environment and container configuration

Answer 17

B. Elapsed time of function execution and memory used

When implementing serverless functions in the cloud, an appropriate cost consideration is the elapsed time of function execution and the amount of memory used. Serverless platforms often charge based on the execution duration (usually in milliseconds) and the amount of memory allocated and utilized during the function’s execution.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. vCPU resources and disk cache: While vCPU resources can be a consideration, serverless functions are more often billed based on memory and execution time rather than traditional vCPU allocation. Disk cache is not typically a primary cost consideration for serverless functions.

C. Virtual machine configuration and memory allocation: Serverless platforms abstract the underlying virtual machine configuration from the developer, focusing more on the function’s code, memory, and execution time. Developers usually don’t need to directly allocate virtual machine resources.

D. Runtime environment and container configuration: Serverless platforms handle the runtime environment and container configuration automatically, abstracting these details from the developer. Developers define the function logic and necessary dependencies, and the platform manages the underlying runtime and containers. However, memory configuration within the container is a cost consideration.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes open source compliance?

A. A process by which software components are compiled in a development environment, pushed to staging, and then finally moved to production
B. A process in which various users of open source software observe copyright notices and satisfy license obligations for their open source software components
C. A process by which users of open source software evaluate each line of their code against an open source dictionary to determine which components have been plagiarized
D. A process by which open source software is first initiated by a requirements analysis, followed by design and then implementation, with a final testing step

Answer 18

B. A process in which various users of open source software observe copyright notices and satisfy license obligations for their open source software components

Open source compliance involves ensuring that users of open source software adhere to the terms and conditions specified by the open source licenses governing the software. This includes understanding and following copyright notices, license terms, and obligations associated with using and distributing open source components.

Option B best describes open source compliance as it focuses on users’ responsibility to observe copyright notices and comply with open source licenses when using open source software components. It is critical to respect the rights and requirements set by the licenses to maintain legal and ethical usage of open source software.

Question 19

What open source tool is used to manage instances in the cloud using infrastructure as code?

A. SystemsDeployer
B. Vault
C. Terraform
D. Docker

Answer 19

C. Terraform

Terraform is an open source tool used to manage and provision infrastructure in the cloud using infrastructure as code (IaC) principles. It allows users to define and deploy infrastructure configurations using declarative configuration files. Terraform supports various cloud providers, enabling users to manage instances, networks, storage, and other cloud resources in a consistent and repeatable manner.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. SystemsDeployer: “SystemsDeployer” is not a widely recognized or standard open source tool related to managing instances in the cloud using infrastructure as code.

B. Vault: Vault is an open-source tool for managing secrets and protecting sensitive data, but it is not primarily focused on managing instances or provisioning infrastructure.

D. Docker: Docker is an open-source platform used for containerization and deploying applications as lightweight, portable, and self-sufficient containers. While it’s crucial for application deployment and management, it’s not specifically designed for managing instances or provisioning infrastructure as code.

Question 20

Which of the following is a commonly used open source software used to connect to SSL/TLS VPN services?

A. OpenVPN
B. GNUVPN
C. NordVPN
D. VPNConnect

Answer 20

A. OpenVPN

OpenVPN is a commonly used open source software for connecting to SSL/TLS VPN (Virtual Private Network) services. It provides a secure and encrypted tunnel for remote access to private networks over the internet. OpenVPN is widely used due to its robust security features, cross-platform compatibility, and community-driven development as an open source project.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

B. GNUVPN: “GNUVPN” is not a standard or widely recognized VPN software. It may refer to a generic VPN based on the GNU project, but it’s not a specific, widely known VPN software.

C. NordVPN: NordVPN is a commercial VPN service known for its privacy and security features. It’s not open source, but a paid VPN service.

D. VPNConnect: “VPNConnect” is not a standard or widely recognized open source VPN software. It may refer to a specific VPN client or service, but without further context, it’s not a commonly used term in the VPN software landscape.

Question 21

What does IaaS stand for?

A. IT as a Service
B. Integration as a Service
C. Infrastructure as a Service
D. Information as a Service

Answer 21

C. Infrastructure as a Service

IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a Service. It is a cloud computing service model where users can rent IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, and networking resources from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-you-go basis. This model allows users to avoid the need for physical hardware and infrastructure maintenance, as the cloud provider manages the underlying hardware and resources. Users have control over operating systems, applications, and data, while the cloud provider manages the infrastructure, ensuring scalability and flexibility.

Question 22

Which is a common best practice to automatically reduce disk usage associated with the storage of log files?

A. Use the logrotate utility to periodically rotate the log files.
B. Create a cron job that deletes all log files in the folder every day.
C. Delete the “/var/log” directory so the log files are prevented from being created.
D. Manually empty the log files every day of the week.

Answer 22

A. Use the logrotate utility to periodically rotate the log files.

Using the logrotate utility is a common best practice for managing log files and automatically reducing disk usage associated with their storage. Logrotate is a widely used system utility in Linux that helps in the automatic rotation, compression, removal, and mailing of log files. It allows for efficient management of log files over time, preventing them from consuming excessive disk space.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

B. Creating a cron job to delete log files every day is not ideal, as it may remove important log data. A more controlled rotation and deletion strategy, like logrotate, is preferable.

C. Deleting the “/var/log” directory is not a good practice, as it would prevent the creation of new log files and potentially disrupt system operations and monitoring.

D. Manually emptying log files every day is not a scalable or efficient approach, especially in a production environment with many log files. Automated solutions like logrotate are more practical and efficient.

Question 23

When using rsync to mirror a local directory to a remote server, what is the significance of the –delete option?

A. Files absent from the remote directory will be restored from the local directory.
B. Files present in the local directory, but not present in the remote directory, will be deleted.
C. Files absent from the local directory will be restored from the remote directory.
D. Files present in the remote directory, but not present in the local directory, will be deleted.

Answer 23

B. Files present in the local directory, but not present in the remote directory, will be deleted.

The --delete option in rsync ensures that files that exist in the destination (remote) directory but not in the source (local) directory will be deleted. It synchronizes the source directory to the destination by removing files at the destination that are no longer present in the source.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. Files absent from the remote directory will be restored from the local directory: This is not the function of --delete. It focuses on removing files from the destination that are not present in the source.

C. Files absent from the local directory will be restored from the remote directory: This is not the function of --delete. It focuses on removing files from the destination that are not present in the source.

D. Files present in the remote directory, but not present in the local directory, will be deleted: This is the correct interpretation of the --delete option. It ensures that files present at the destination (remote) but not in the source (local) are removed during the synchronization process.

Question 24

A host seems to be running slowly. What command would help diagnose which processes are using system resources?

A. df
B. free
C. uptime
D. top

Answer 24

D. top

The top command is commonly used to diagnose system performance issues and identify processes that are utilizing system resources. When you run the top command, it displays real-time information about processes, CPU usage, memory usage, and other system metrics. This information allows you to identify which processes are consuming the most system resources, helping in diagnosing the cause of a slow-running system.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. df: The df command is used to display disk space usage, not information about running processes and system resource usage.

B. free: The free command is used to display information about system memory (RAM) usage and availability, but it does not provide detailed information about individual processes using system resources.

C. uptime: The uptime command displays the system’s uptime, load average, and the number of logged-in users. It does not provide detailed information about running processes and system resource usage.

Question 25

Which of the following would be the most appropriate use-case for a Function as a Service (FaaS) implementation?

A. An application that requires a local file system
B. An application that continuously polls for work to process
C. An event-driven application with dynamic scaling
D. An application that requires a regionally- or globally-distributed file system

Answer 25

C. An event-driven application with dynamic scaling

Function as a Service (FaaS) is best suited for event-driven applications with dynamic scaling requirements. In FaaS, functions are executed in response to events, such as HTTP requests, database updates, or file uploads. The serverless architecture automatically scales the execution of these functions based on demand, allowing for efficient resource usage and cost-effectiveness.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. An application that requires a local file system: FaaS is typically not well-suited for applications that require a local file system, as serverless platforms do not provide persistent local storage for functions.

B. An application that continuously polls for work to process: Continuous polling does not align well with the event-driven nature of FaaS. FaaS is designed to respond to events rather than continuously poll for work.

D. An application that requires a regionally- or globally-distributed file system: FaaS is not the best fit for applications requiring a regionally- or globally-distributed file system, as serverless platforms do not inherently provide such file systems.

Question 26

An IT associate is creating a business case to adopt a DevOps approach in an organization. Which of the following is a benefit of DevOps to include in the business case?

A. The DevOps tool framework reduces the mean time to recovery and number of outages, which results in increased sales.
B. Developers take on the work of the operations team. The operations team, therefore, needs fewer people, reducing the number of people the organization needs to pay.
C. The frequency and stability of software deployments will be increased, which can lead to faster time to market.
D. The new DevOps team takes over the work the development team does not have time to complete. The developers then have time to create new features.

Answer 26

C. The frequency and stability of software deployments will be increased, which can lead to faster time to market.

Including this benefit in the business case for adopting a DevOps approach is crucial. DevOps practices emphasize automation, collaboration, and continuous delivery, leading to more frequent and reliable software deployments. This increased deployment frequency, coupled with enhanced stability, ultimately results in faster time to market for software products or updates. This is a significant advantage for businesses aiming to stay competitive and responsive to market demands.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. The DevOps tool framework reduces the mean time to recovery and number of outages, which results in increased sales: While reducing mean time to recovery and outages is a benefit of DevOps, directly linking it to increased sales may be difficult to measure and attribute solely to DevOps.

B. Developers take on the work of the operations team. The operations team, therefore, needs fewer people, reducing the number of people the organization needs to pay: This option simplifies the role transformation in DevOps but may not emphasize the true spirit of collaboration between development and operations teams, which is a fundamental aspect of DevOps.

D. The new DevOps team takes over the work the development team does not have time to complete. The developers then have time to create new features: This option misrepresents the DevOps approach. DevOps is about collaboration and shared responsibility, not creating a separate team to take over tasks.

Question 27

After installing the package ‘postfix’, what command would you run in order to ensure that Postfix is started on reboot?

A. /etc/init.d/enable postfix
B. enable postfix on
C. postfix –onboot yes
D. systemctl enable postfix

Answer 27

D. systemctl enable postfix

To ensure that Postfix is started on reboot in a system using systemd (a common init system in modern Linux distributions), you would use the systemctl command with the enable option. This will enable the Postfix service to start automatically on system boot.

The correct command is:
~~~
systemctl enable postfix
~~~

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. /etc/init.d/enable postfix: This is not a valid command. The /etc/init.d/ directory contains startup scripts, but using systemctl is the recommended way for managing services in modern Linux distributions.

B. enable postfix on: This is not a valid command. The correct usage for enabling services is through systemctl enable.

C. postfix –onboot yes: This is not a valid command. The correct way to enable a service is using systemctl enable.

Question 28

An IT associate is working with a video streaming provider. What is a common approach to reduce bandwidth cost while supporting the same or an increasing number of video streams and customers?

A. Stop serving the video streams when a certain price limit is reached.
B. Reduce the bitrate to reduce the size of the video streams.
C. Serve the video streams only to a limited number of users at a time.
D. Use a content delivery network to distribute the streams.

Answer 28

D. Use a content delivery network to distribute the streams.

Using a content delivery network (CDN) is a common approach to reduce bandwidth costs while supporting a large number of video streams and customers. A CDN distributes the load of delivering video streams across a network of geographically distributed servers, optimizing data transfer and reducing the strain on the origin server. This results in lower bandwidth costs and improved performance for viewers.

Here’s a brief explanation of the other options:

A. Stop serving the video streams when a certain price limit is reached: This is not a viable solution as it would disrupt the service for customers once a certain cost threshold is reached.

B. Reduce the bitrate to reduce the size of the video streams: While reducing bitrate can decrease the size of video streams and therefore reduce bandwidth usage, it may negatively impact video quality. Balancing bitrate reduction with acceptable video quality is important.

C. Serve the video streams only to a limited number of users at a time: Limiting the number of users is not a practical solution for a video streaming service, as it restricts the potential audience and could deter customers. A more scalable and cost-effective approach is needed, such as using a CDN.