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Linux > Linux Academy - Linux Essentials > Flashcards

Linux Academy - Linux Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

What does GNU stand for?

A

Gnu is Not Unix

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2
Q

What does GPL stand for?

A

General Public License

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3
Q

“What does ““Copy-left”” refer to?”

A

Communicates the idea of the guaranteed right to copy software.

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4
Q

What does FSF stand for?

A

Free Software Foundation

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5
Q

When was the FSF founded?

A

1985

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6
Q

Who founded the FSF?

A

Richard Stallman

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7
Q

”"”Free as in speech, not free as in beer”” refers to what?”

A

Free does not necessarily refer to price

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8
Q

What four software freedoms define the FSF?

A

1.) Freedom to usethe software for any purpose2.) Freedom to examine the source code and modify it as you see fit.3.) Freedom to redistribute the software4.) Freedom to redistribute your modified software

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9
Q

What are the two major version of the GNU GPL in use today?

A

GPLv2 and GPLv3

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10
Q

Give an example of something that uses the GPLv2.

A

The Linux kernel

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11
Q

What is the major difference of the GPLv3 too the GPLv2?

A

The GPLv3 stop restrictive hardware.

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12
Q

Which GPL’s does the FSF support?

A

V2 and v3 only.

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13
Q

What is the LGPL?

A

Lesser General Public License. Used for libraries (collections of code).

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14
Q

What is the GNU FDL?

A

GNU Free Documentation License. Used to license open source documentation.

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15
Q

What is the OSI?

A

The Open Source Initiative.

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16
Q

Who founded the OSI?

A

Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond

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17
Q

When was the OSI founded?

A

1998

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18
Q

What was the primary concern that caused the OSI to be founded?

A

The FSF seemed threatening to some businesses. The OSI is less dogmatic and more friendly to businesses.

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19
Q

What does the OSI do?

A

Promotes software in the business world.

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20
Q

What is open source?

A

A development method for software that harnesses the power of the distributed peer review and transparency processs. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility and lower cost and an end to proprietary lock in.

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21
Q

What are some of the licenses that fall under the OSI?

A

GPL and LPHP, Apache, MIT, BSD, FreeBSD, MPL2 (Mozilla), NCSA, OpenLDAP, Public Domain, PHP License

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22
Q

“In reference to the GPL, complete the following statement: ““The derived work must also be distributed under the..”””

A

GPL

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23
Q

What is the single largest difference between the FSF and OSI?

A

Under certain licenses (MIT and Apache) the OSI does not object to companies have closed source software. Opposite to this, under FSF licensing you must distribute your source code. Free does not necessarily mean price.

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24
Q

What does FOSS stand for?

A

Free and Open Source Software

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25
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of FOSS?

A

1.) Computer software that can be classified as both free software and open source software. That is, anyone with this license is free to use, copy, study and modify the software in any way.2.) The source code is shared, encouraging people to voluntarily improve the design of the software.3.) This is in contrast to propietary software, where software is under copyright and the source is usually hidden.

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26
Q

What are the core OSI principles?

A

1.) Permission to derice works: License permits others to modify distributed software under the same license as the orginal.2.) Respect for source code integrity: The license may restrict redistribution of modified source but only if the patch files may be distributed along with original source code.3.) No discrimination against persons or race4.) No discrimination against fields of endeavor5.) Automatic license distribution: License must apply to anyone who receives the program with out needing a seperate agreement.6.) Lack of product specificity: The license must not require that the program be used or distributed as past of a larger program.7.) Lack of restrictions on other software: Can’t restrict other software bundled with software8.) Technologically neutral.

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27
Q

Define the Free in FOSS

A

The code must always be available.

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28
Q

True or false: Under the GPL and FSF that uses a code under the GPL has to then release any new code under the GPL.

A

True

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29
Q

What are the major open source licenses?

A

BSDMIT (X11 License)ApacheArtisticNetscape Public License (NPL)Mozilla Public License (MPL)General Public License (GPL)Lesser General Public License (LGPL)

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30
Q

Give two examples of software that doesn’t qualify as open source that might be on a Linux system.

A

NVidiaFlash

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31
Q

Give four examples of ways an open source business model can profit.

A

Dual licensingMultiple productsBounties: users pay for desired featuresDonations

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32
Q

Give four examples of where Linux is found.

A

Server roomsCloud computingEmedded (Android, TiVo, GPS, etc)Airport signageMars roverAnd so much more!

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33
Q

What is a widget set?

A

A library which usually handles GUI features such as menus and icons.

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34
Q

What are the two most common widget sets?

A

GTK+ and QT

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35
Q

What is the KDE Desktop Environment

A

K Desktop Enbironment.Default DE in Mandriva and Suse Linux.Built using the QT Widget set.

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36
Q

What is the GNOME Desktop Environment?

A

Default DE for RedHat, CentOS, Fedora, Debian and more.Built on top of the Gimp Tool Kit (GTK+) widget set.

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37
Q

What is the XFCE Desktop Environment?

A

Originally modelled as a commercial DE.Provides more customization than GNOME or KDE.Built using GTK+.Originally known as CDE.Aims to use little resources.Can be found in Xubuntu and Debian.

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38
Q

What does BASH stand for and what does it do.

A

Born Again Shell.BASH is a shell, that offers a command line.

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39
Q

Define Virtualization.

A

The creation of a virtual operating system through a virtualization software that is known as the hypervisor.

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40
Q

Give four examples of virtualization software.

A

Virtual box (open source)VMWareKVM/QEMUXEN

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41
Q

What is a shell?

A

A command line interperter.

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42
Q

How would you long list out the contents of a directory and show hidden files?

A

ls -al

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43
Q

What does the pwd command do and what does it stand for?

A

Prints the working directory, literally stands for print working directory.

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44
Q

Where are commands in the Linux file system run from?

A

Commands in Linux are not truly run from the current working directory. They are run from path environment variables.

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45
Q

True or false: Command and directories are case sensitive.

A

True.

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46
Q

What is the command to print the environmental variables on the current user?

A

env

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47
Q

What does the top command do?

A

Lists processes and applications.

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48
Q

What does the which command do?

A

Lists where an application lives.

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49
Q

What is a command to print out the current logged in user?

A

whoami

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50
Q

What does the netstat command do?

A

Displays current status of the network.

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51
Q

What does the ifconfig command do?

A

Show network interface cards (NIC) configurations that are set.

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52
Q

What does the ip addr command do?

A

Show network interface cards (nic), configurations that are set.On newer linux distros, similar to ifconfig.

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53
Q

What does the uname command do?

A

Displays operating system information.

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54
Q

What does the .bash_history file do and where is it?

A

Stores command line history and it is a hidden file located in the users home directory.

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55
Q

Using the command line, what does tab do?

A

Automatic command completion and or suggestion.

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56
Q

Using the cd command how would you go up one directory?

A

cd..

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57
Q

What does the cd command do?

A

Changes directory.

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58
Q

What run level is the GUI environment?

A

Run level 5.

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59
Q

Where are command aliases stored?

A

etc/bashrc

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60
Q

What bash profile file would you edit for all users?

A

etc/profile.c

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61
Q

What is stored in the .bash_logout file?

A

Logout prefernces

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62
Q

What user specific bash profile file stores user preferences?

A

.bash_profile or .profile depending on distro

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63
Q

What is .bashrc?

A

Non login shell that stores user specifications and aliases

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64
Q

What are environmental variables?

A

Set of variables any program can acces

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65
Q

What symbol and or key on the keyboard switches to the home directory and represents the $HOME environmental variable?

A

”””~”” - The tilde”

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66
Q

How would you echo out the $HOME variable

A

echo $HOME

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67
Q

What is the default value of the BASH environmental variable?

A

/bin/bash

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68
Q

What is the default value of the SHELL environmental variable?

A

/bin/bash

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69
Q

What is the default value of the ENV environmental variable?

A

Distro specific. In CentOS it would be /etc/bash.bashrc

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70
Q

What does the EUID environmental variable represent?

A

The user id of the current user.

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71
Q

What does the DISPLAY environmental variable represent?

A

The local video card monitor

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72
Q

What is the PATH environmental variable?

A

Distro dependent, stores list of directories to be searched when running a command from the shell prompt

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73
Q

What does the LOGNAME environmental variable represent?

A

The username of the current user.

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74
Q

What does the MANP environmental variable represent?

A

Distro dependent, documentation/manual pages (man pages)

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75
Q

To what environmental variable would you add custom command to so that the Linux operating system can find them?

A

PATH,PATH=$PATH:/some/directory/here. Don’t forget the export command when doing this.

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76
Q

“What would the command ““export PATH”” do?”

A

Now all other users will have access to whatever program is in /some/directory/hereIn order to make this persistent across a reboot you have to edit .bash_profile

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77
Q

“True or false:””-“” and ““_”” can be used in variable names, do not use as first character though.”

A

True

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78
Q

What file would you edit to share a custom command (with the PATH variable) with all users?

A

/etc/profile

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79
Q

What is the PATH variable?

A

List of directories to search when running a command

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80
Q

Define globbing

A

global command - The process of expanding a non specific file name containing awildcard character into a set of specific file names that exist on storage, server or network

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81
Q

“Where does the term ““globbing”” come from?”

A

Comes from the etc glob program in Unix, that would expand on wildcard patterns. Later on this got built in to the shell.

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82
Q

Define wildcard.

A

“Placeholder that represents a character, ““*””, “”?”””

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83
Q

How would you list all files in a directory using a wildcard?

A

. or just *.txt for text files, etc..

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84
Q

How would you list all txt files that only had 1 character as their name?

A

ls ?.txt

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85
Q

“True or false: Youcan use multiple “”?””; for instance “”???”” “”?????”””

A

True

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86
Q

“How would you list all files starting with an ““F”” that have the txt extension?”

A

ls [F]*.txt

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87
Q

“How would you list all files that begin with ““f”” and have either ““i””, ““g”” or ““h”” as the second letter?”

A

ls f[igh]

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88
Q

Explain double quoting.

A

Double quote - substitutes the value of variables and commands.

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89
Q

Explain single quoting

A

Single quote - This preserves the literal meaning of each character of a given string, This will turn off the special meanings of all characters.

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90
Q

“Explain why you would use the backslash, “”"””

A

Backslash - this takes away, or removes the special meaning from a single character, can be used as an escape character.

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91
Q

“What is the back tick key used for, “”`””?”

A

”””`”” - The back tick key, used for command substitution”

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92
Q

“Explain the difference between command parameters prefixed with a “”-“” and command parameters without a leading “”-“””

A

“Parameters with a dash “”-“” are called optionsParameters with no leading dash are called arguments”

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93
Q

Explain the relationship between the command, the options and the arguments.

A

command - what to dooptions - how to do itarguments - what to do with it

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94
Q

The Linux MAN pages, what does MAN stand for?

A

The Manual Page System, or in short man pages.

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95
Q

List the manual sections from the MAN pages.

A

1.) Executable programs and shell commands2.) System calls provided by the kernel3.) Library calls provided by the program libraries4.) Device file (usually stored in /dev)5.) File formats6.) Games7.) Miscellaneous (macro packages, conventions, and so on)8.) System administration commands (programs run mostly or exclusively by root)9.) Kernel routines

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96
Q

Give three examples of how to use the man command in order to find help with a specific command.

A

man <keyword>man cp - copyman cal - calenderman passwd - passwordman 5 passwd - pull up specific file format information about passwd. Note the 5, as in section 5 of the MAN pages, or the file format section</keyword>

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97
Q

What does the whatis command do?

A

whatis - returns 1 line from each section for input keyword

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98
Q

Give an example of using the whatis command.

A

whatis passwd - will return 3 lines of information about the passwd command

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99
Q

What does the apropos command do?

A

apropos - command for a more thorough search through the MAN pages, returns everything that keyword is in

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100
Q

What does the man -k man do?

A

”"”man -k man”” will do the exact same thing as ““apropos man””. The -k stands for keyword. This is a much more efficient way of searching.”

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101
Q

How are the man pages organized?

A

“MAN pages are organized as follows:- Name – Synopsis - How command is actually used and lists optional parameters that appear in square brackets. Could follow up optional commans with ““…”” (three periods). Which denotes an optional set of repeated elements such as multiple file names if a command takes 1 or more files names as options. Some commands provide multiple synopsis lines indicating that certain options are contingent on other options fist. Basically this is just a fancy way of saying multiple options and files can be used at the same time. If you see an option underlined, it means you must use it. Such as in the mv (move) command where you must specify the source and destinations file or directory.- Description - Summary of command, file or other action does- Options - Commonly referred to as flags. Expands on Synopsis section above. Explains what each of the options/flags will do.- Files - Will list files associated with the man pages subject. Configuration files for servers or other programs that could possibly be related to config files- See Also - Provides pointers for related material within the MAN system- Bugs – History – Author -“

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102
Q

True or false: Commands, filenames and command flags/options are case sensitive in Linux?

A

True

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103
Q

What text viewer does the MAN system use?

A

less

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104
Q

“True or false: Editing the ““PATH=”” in the .bash_profile or .profile would be at the specific user level.”

A

True

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105
Q

“In order to print out the dollar amount with the correct formatting what character would you add to the following command?echo ““The cheeseburger is going to cost you $5.00”””

A

“The “”"” escape character. echo ““The cheeseburger is going to cost you $5.00”””

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106
Q

What command is used to get the word count of a file?

A

wc

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107
Q

What is the ‘, or the back-tick, used for?

A

“Command substitution. Example:echo ““Did you know that there are ‘wc -w <testfile1.ext’ words in our textfile called textfile1.txt”””

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108
Q

“True or false: You can use “”"” to escape and type command on multiple lines”

A

True. Example:
ls \
-all

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109
Q

What are the two main features that seperate info pages from MAN pages?

A

Info Pages- Similar to MAN but the goal is to support functions in which MAN can not- Most notable are hyperlinks, MAN does not have hyperlinks- You can use Info Pages to read MAN pages

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110
Q

What are the info pages key commands?

A

Info Pages key commands:? - Displays help informationN - Moves to the next node in a linked series or levelP - Moves back in a series or levelU - Moves up one level in the node hierarchyArrow keys - moves the cursor around the screen to select linesPage up, Page down - Scroll up and down within single nodeEnter - Moves to a new node once you have selected itL - Displays the last info page you readT - Displays the top page for a topicQ - Exits from the info page system

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111
Q

Why do some programmers not support info pages?

A

Because they are resistant or slow to adopt new systems even though MAN has been around for decades and does not support new features.

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112
Q

Besides man pages, info pages and the internet what is another way to get help in Linux?

A

“Many Linux distro’s ship documentation as a seperate package from the actual package that is the program. These are typical named by ““-doc”” or ““-documentation”” in the package name.

Readme text files for unzipped source files are usually found in:

  • /usr/doc/packagename
  • /usr/share/doc/packagename
  • /usr/share/doc/packages/packagename

”

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113
Q

Where are configuration files typically located?

A

In the /etc directory

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114
Q

In an RPM based distro, how would you use the RPM tool to locate documentation?

A

Example:rpm -ql packagename | grep docrpm -ql yum | grep README

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115
Q

How would you find specific keyword(s) within a directory?

A

“find /usr/share/doc -name ““passwd”””

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116
Q

True or false: the locate command is faster than the find command.

A

True.
The locate command is faster than find but not directory specific, searches database of programs that Linux maintains:
locate passwd

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117
Q

What does the updatedb command do?

A

Creates and or updates database of file names used by the locate command.

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118
Q

What does the whereis command do?

A

Searches standard directories where programs might be installed.Example:whereis passwd

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119
Q

True or false: The less utility can read most file formats.

A

True

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120
Q

Whe .1 - .9 file formats can be read by what programs?

A

man, info, less

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121
Q

The .gz or .bz2 file formats can be read by what programs?

A

gunzip, bunzip, less

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122
Q

The .txt file format can be read by what programs?

A

less and any text edit such as vi and vim

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123
Q

The .html and .htm file formats would be read with what program?

A

web browser

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124
Q

The .odt file format would be read with what program?

A

LibreOffice, OpenOffce, any word processor

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125
Q

The .pdf file format would be read with what program?

A

xpdf, Adobe Reader

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126
Q

The .tif, .png and .jpg file formats would be read with what program?

A

Gimp

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127
Q

What is the FHS?

A

File system Hierarchy Standard.

  • The Linux file system uses a hierarchy structure to organize data
  • Linux systems have a standard in which at the root directory has several of the same sub directories in a certain order or fashion
  • Root folder is the top level directory
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128
Q

Give an example of the FHS on the command line.

A

“[user@computer1 /]$ - the “”/”” means we are at the top level directory”

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129
Q

Considering the FHS, under the root directory what are some common directories?

A

bin - contains binaries, or executable files, necessary to run the Linux file systemboot - contains boot loader files to boot Linux systemdev - contains special files used to represent various hardware devices which could be installed on systemetc - contains text based configuration files

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130
Q

Under /etc what are some common configuration directories?

A

/etc/aliases - Contains a table used to redirect all to local users/etc/exports - Configured file systems to be exported to remove NFS clients/etc/fstab - Lists the partitions and file systems that will be automatically mounted when we boot our Linux system/etc/ftpusers - Controls users access to FTP service running on a Linux system/etc/group - Contains local group definitions/etc/grub.conf - Contains configuration parameters for the init process/etc/hosts - Contains a list of hostname to IP address mappings for resolving certain hostnames, ie: localhost too 127.0.0.1/etc/inittab - Contains configuration parameters for the init process/etc/init.d - Sub directory that contains startup scripts and services/etc/rc.d/init.d - Red Hat or CentOS based systems startup scripts/etc/passwd - Linux systems users accounts file/etc/shadow - Contains encrypted passwords for user accounts/etc/resolv.conf - This is where we specify what DNS server and domain suffix that our system is going to use/etc/X11 - X windows configuration files

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131
Q

What does the home directory contain?

A

The home directories of all users on the system

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132
Q

What does the /lib directory contain?

A

Contains code libraries for programs to use that live with the bin or sbin folders

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133
Q

What does the /media directory contain?

A

Used by some distros to mount external devices such as external hard drives and USB thumb drives

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134
Q

What does the /mnt directory contain?

A

Used by some distros to mount external devices such as CD drives, DVD drives, USB drives and so on

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135
Q

What does the /opt directory contain?

A

Contains files for some programs that you can install on your own manually

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136
Q

What is the /proc directory used for?

A

This folder is a psuedo file system that is dynamically created whenever it is accessed. Used to access processes and other system information from the Linux kernel. Within the proc directory there are subdirectories. They are named by numbers. These numbers correspond to a process id number.

137
Q

What does the /sbin directory contain?

A

Contains important system management and administration files. Could include utilities such as FDisk, FSCH, ifconfig, init, makefs, shutdown and halt.

138
Q

What does the /srv directory contain?

A

Contains sub directories where services running on our system, such as HTTPD (Apache web server), actually save there files.

139
Q

What does the /sys folder contain?

A

Contains information about the hardware within our system

140
Q

What does the /tmp folder contain?

A

Contains temporary files that are created by the file system

141
Q

What does the usr folder contain?

A

Contains application files. Most application files are stored here.

142
Q

What are some common /usr sub directories?

A

/usr/bin - Where most executable programs actually live/usr/etc -/usr/games -/usr/include -/usr/lib - Library files for applications that reside in the /usr/bin directory/usr/lib64 - 64 bit library files for applications in the bin directory/usr/libexec -/usr/local - Locally installed software that we have created ourself/usr/sbin - Similar to bin but system administration programs/usr/share - Documentation and MAN page files/usr/src -/usr/tmp -

143
Q

What is the /var directory used for?

A

Contains Linux variable data including Linux log files

144
Q

What is the Linux file system responsible for in regaurds to organizing data?

A

The Linux disk file system is responsible for the reliability of storing data on the harddrive and then organizing this data so that is easily accessible at a later date.

145
Q

What does ext2 stand for?

A

Second Extended File System 2 (ext2)

146
Q

When was ext2 introduced?

A

1992

147
Q

How does ext2 store data?

A

Stores data in a hierarchical manner, similar to most other distros.

148
Q

In ext2 what is the maximum file size?

A

2 terabytes

149
Q

How large can an ext2 volume be?

A

4 terabytes

150
Q

In ext2 how long can a filename be?

A

255 characters (256 bytes)

151
Q

True or false: ext2 supports users, groups and permissions

A

True

152
Q

Does ext2 support compression

A

Yes

153
Q

What is the one major disadvantage of ext2?

A

“Must check entire file system if file system goes down ““un-cleanly”” as in a system crash or power outage. This can take an incredibly long time.”

154
Q

True or false: ext3 is an updated file system of ext2

A

True

155
Q

What does ext3 stand for?

A

Stands for Third Extended File System 3 (ext3)

156
Q

Can you upgrade ext2 too ext3?

A

Yes

157
Q

Can you downgrade ext3 too ext2?

A

Yes

158
Q

True or false: ext3 supports journaling

A

True

159
Q

Explain the concept of journaling

A

“System does not have to check entire system if file system goes down ““un-cleanly”” as in a system crash or power outage.- Records transactions to what is called a journal and marks it as incomplete. After this disk transaction is complete the ext3 file system marks that transaction as complete within this journal.- Replays journal if system did no go down cleanly upon system boot up and completes all transactions not yet completed.- Much faster system data verification because it does not need to check entire file system.”

160
Q

True or false: The Reiser file system is an alternative to ext3

A

True

161
Q

Does Reiser implement journaling

A

Yes

162
Q

True or false: Reiser has a dramatically similar file system to ext3.

A

False.Dramatically different file structure to support larger file sizes

163
Q

What is the maximum file size of Reiser?

A

8 terabytes

164
Q

What is the maximum volume size of Reiser?

A

16 terabytes

165
Q

True or false: The Reiser file system structure does not allow for faster operation than ext2 or ext3

A

False.File system structure allows faster operation than ext2 or ext3

166
Q

When was ext4 released?

A

2008

167
Q

What does ext4 stand for?

A

Forth Extended File System (ext4)

168
Q

What is the maximum file size in ext4?

A

16 terabytes

169
Q

What is the maximum volume size in ext4?

A

1 exobyte

170
Q

What is the maximum amount of files you can have in ext4?

A

4 billion

171
Q

How does ext4 verify the integrity of the journal file?

A

Employs the use of checksums

172
Q

What is a checksum?

A

A short and not very good explanation: A number which is calculated by a mathematical operation and used to verify file integrity. Checksums are used in the etx4 file system to verify the integrity of the journal file.

173
Q

What does the pwd command do?

A

Prints the working directory, the working directory simply means the directory you are currently in.

174
Q

Using the cd command, how would you go up one directory?

A

“The shortest way to do this would be ““cd..”””

175
Q

Using the cd command, how would you go up two directory levels?

A

cd ../..

176
Q

What does the ls command do?

A

Lists contents of a directory

177
Q

What is an absolute path?

A

The entire directory address, for instance /home/user1 is the absolute path for user1 home directory

178
Q

Using ls, how would you list the contents of a specific directory?

A

ls /path/to/directory (absolute path)

179
Q

How would you display the long list of a folder?

A

ls -l

180
Q

How would you display the long list of a folder, including hidden files?

A

ls -al

181
Q

How would you list a folder and it’s subdirectories?

A

ls -R

182
Q

What would be a way to pup the results of ls -R in to the more command in order to page through the results?

A

ls -R | more

183
Q

“What does the “”.”” as the first character of a file or folder mean?”

A

That that file or folder is hidden

184
Q

True or false:If you use touch on an existing file it will update that files timestamp to the latest date and time.

A

True

185
Q

The -c argument or flag in the touch command would do what?

A

Don’t create a new filename if the filename does not exist and do not notify of this. Good for simply updating a timestamp without creating a new file.

186
Q

How would you update the time smap of file.txt to February 1 2016?

A

“touch -d ““February 1 2016”” file.txt
This will change the timestamp of file.txt to ““Feb 1 00:00””
“

187
Q

True or false: Touch can be used to make directories

A

False. Use the mkdir command for this.

188
Q

What are some common arguments of the cp command?

A

cp -f - Force file overwrite without prompt.cp -i - Interactive flag, prompt before overwrite.cp -p - Preserve mode, keep ownership and timestamps.cp -R, r - Recursive option, copy sub directories.cp -a - Archive, copies recursively and preserves ownership of folders being copied. Can be used to copy symbolic links!cp -u - Copy original file only if source file is newer than destination file or if destination file does not exist.

189
Q

What is the mv command used for?

A

To move files

190
Q

How would you rename a file using the mv command?

A

mv file1.txt newname.txt

191
Q

Using the cp command how would you copy a file?

A

cp file.txt file1.txt

192
Q

Using the rm command how would you delete a file?

A

rm newname.txt

193
Q

Using the mkdir command, how would you create a directory?

A

mkdir dir3

194
Q

Using the rmdir command, how would you delete a directory?

A

rmdir dirtest1

195
Q

What are some escape characters?

A

Special escape characters:\a - alert(bell)\b - backspace\e - an escape character\f - form feed\n - new line\r - carriage return\t - horizontal tab\v - vertical tab\ - backslash' single quote\nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value nnn (1 to 3 digits)\xHH - the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH\cx - control x character

196
Q

What is the tar utility?

A

”- A Linux utility that archives things. It does not compress or compact files. It just sticks all your files together in to one file.- Originally used to create tape backups. Used it to archive data on to tape backup drives. Tar actually stands for ““Tape Archive””.”

197
Q

What would tar -cf do?

A

Create a file

198
Q

What would tar -xf do?

A

Extract a file

199
Q

What are the 3 primary compression utilities on the Linux file system?

A

Gzip- gzip- gunzipBzip2- bzip2- bunzipZip- zip- unzip

200
Q

True or false:Zip is the only command that both archives and compresses in one pass

A

True

201
Q

True or false:Tar is used together with a separate compression utility to both archive and compress.

A

True

202
Q

Using zip, what must you do to ensure it recusively goes through a folder and its contents and zips everything up?

A

zip -r foldernamezip.zip folderThe -r argument is important here.

203
Q

Using 2 steps, how would you use tar and gzip together to both archive and compress a folder?

A

tar -cf folder1.tar folder1gzip folder1.tar

204
Q

Using 1 step how would you use tar and gzip together to both archive and compress a folder?

A

tar -zcf folder1.tar folder1

205
Q

What does the cat command do?

A

Displays contents of a file, manipulates data by columns

206
Q

What does less do?

A

Reads a file

207
Q

What does the head command do?

A

Reads first 10 lines of a file

208
Q

What does the tail command do?

A

Reads the last 10 lines of a file.

209
Q

What does the find command do?

A

Locates files on system

210
Q

What does the grep command do?

A

Searches a string in our file or output

211
Q

What does the sort command do?

A

…. sort text in a file or output ….

212
Q

Using find, how would you find only directories within the current directory?

A

find . -type d

213
Q

Using find, how would you find only files within the current directory?

A

find . -type f

214
Q

Using find, how would you find everything within the current directory?

A

find .

215
Q

“Using find, how would you find files that had the partial string of ““derp”” in their names?”

A

“find . -name ““derp*”””

216
Q

What does the -i argument do with the grep command?

A

Searches for both upper and lower case.

217
Q

Using the -n flag with the grep command would do what?

A

Prints out line numbers with search results

218
Q

By default how does the sort command organize data?

A

alphabetically

219
Q

How would you numerically organize data with the sort command?

A

sort -n

220
Q

Using the man command how would you look up information about grep?

A

man grep

221
Q

Contents of file.txt:thisistext in a fileThe command cut -c2 file.txt would display what?

A

hse

222
Q

Explain the cut command

A

Linux command cut is used for text processing. You can use this command to extract portion of text from a file by selecting columns.

223
Q

Text file test.txtthis is a testthis is a linethis is more textUsing the cut command how would you but information from the third character of each line to the end of the line

A

cut -c3- test.txt-c3 specifies the third column, the - specifies a range, but no end of the range was specified, so end of line is used by default

224
Q

The -c argument in the cut command would denote what?

A

column

225
Q

“Using grep, cut and the delimeter of “”:”” how would you display users who had the login shell of /bin/bash?”

A

“grep ““/bin/bash”” /etc/passwd | cut -d’:’ -f1,6The delimeter “”:”” specifies what seperates out field. And if you looked in /etc/passwd said ““fields”” would be username(1) and home directory(2).”

226
Q

Using the cut command was the -d argument denote?

A

delimeter, used to define what seperates fields. Allows for organizing of data more easily.

227
Q

What is a delimiter?

A

A delimiter is a sequence of one or more characters used to specify the boundary between separate, independent regions in plain text or other data streams. An example of a delimiter is the comma character, which acts as a field delimiter in a sequence of comma-separated values.

228
Q

“This command:cut -d”” “” -f2 file2.txtWould do what?”

A

Delimit (space) and create a field off of space. This will basically break text file in to words and return the second word from each line.

229
Q

Explain what a file descriptor is.

A

In Unix and related computer operating systems (Linux), a file descriptor (FD, less frequently fildes) is an abstract indicator (handle) used to access a file or other input/output resource, such as a pipe or network socket. File descriptors form part of the POSIX application programming interface.

230
Q

What the standard BASH file descriptors?

A

stdin - This means we have standard input 0stdout - This means we have standard output1stderr - This stands for standard error 2

231
Q

True of false: Not all commands use the three standard file descriptors of stdin, stdout and stderr but most of them do.

A

True

232
Q

“Using the find and grep commands how would you find all files that include ““abc”” in the name?”

A

find . type f | grep abc

233
Q

“Command:cut -d”” “” -f3 file2.txt | cut c2What would this do?”

A

Return 3rd word from each line and then return the second letter from each of those words.

234
Q

Using the tail command and command redirection, how would we output the last ten lines of the file /var/log/messages in to logtemp.txt?

A

tail /var/log/messages > logtemp.txt

235
Q

“What does “”»”” in command redirection?”

A

Allows for redirection that will append.

236
Q

Give an example of command redirection that appends running processes in to a file.

A

ps&raquo_space; runningprocesses

237
Q

“Using the word ““command”” as an abstract placeholder, how would you use command redirection to handle both succesful completion of a command and an error at the same time withfile descriptors.”

A

command 1> stdout_file 2> stderr_file

238
Q

How would you send the text string of the file /var/log/messages to the tail command using command redirection?

A

tail < /var/log/messages

239
Q

How would you send a file called words.txt to the sort command?

A

sort < words.txt

240
Q

What are regular expressions?

A

Basically, a regular expression is a pattern describing a certain amount of text

241
Q

What does regex stand for?

A

Regular expressions.

242
Q

What does the regex expression * do?

A

Matches any characterfile*

243
Q

What does the regex expression . do?

A

Any single character

244
Q

What does the regex expression ? do?

A

Matches zero of one of the proceeding characters.f?le

245
Q

What does the regex expression ^ do?

A

Matches expression if it appears at the beginning^file

246
Q

What does the regex expression $ do?

A

Matches expression if it appears at the endfile$

247
Q

What does the regex expression [nnn] do?

A

Matches any character between the braces[abc]

248
Q

What does the regex expression [^nnn] do?

A

Matches any expression that doesnt contain any of the characters specified, [^abc] will not match a, b or c

249
Q

What does the regex expression [n-n] do?

A

Matches any single character

250
Q

Command:grep cc$ abc.txtWhat would this regex search do?

A

“Return lines and or characters ending in ““cc”” from abc.txt.”

251
Q

Command:grep ^ab abc.txtWhat would this regex search command do?

A

“Returns lines and or characters starting in ““ab””.”

252
Q

Command:grep .cc abc.txtWhat would this regex search command do?

A

“Returns lines and or characters that have anything followed by ““cc””. For instance, ““acc”” and ““bcc””.”

253
Q

Command:grep ^.b abx.txtWhat would this regex search command do?

A

“Returns lines and or characters that start with anything and are followd by a ““b””. For instance, ““ab”” and ““abc””.”

254
Q

Command:grep ^…$ abc.txtWhat would this regex command do?

A

Returns lines and or characters that starts with 3 characters of anything and is only 3 characters long.

255
Q

When you first open the vi text editor, what mode are you in?

A

command mode

256
Q

In vi how do you get to insert mode?

A

i, INSERT, s, o and or a

257
Q

What does hitting the insert key twice do in vi?

A

Allow the over riding of text

258
Q

True or false: When in insert mode, in vi, you can perform file operations.

A

False

259
Q

When in vi how do you get back to command mode?

A

Press the escape key

260
Q

In vi how do you enter a command?

A

“Press “”:”””

261
Q

What does the w command do in vi?

A

writes a file (save)

262
Q

In vi how would you save an existing file in to a new name?

A

vi newfilename

263
Q

In vi what does the wq command do?

A

writes and quits

264
Q

What are some common vi commands?

A

w - write (save file)w newfilename - save file with a new nameexit - guess what this does, go ahead just guess…………..wq - write and quitq - quit, does not savew! - overwrite current filee! - forget changes sense last writedw - delete word in front of cursor including the spacede - delete word in front of cursor without deleting the spaced - delete entire line, can use p to move line elsewherep - paste/ - findn - next, used with / for tabbing through search results

265
Q

What is the shebang?

A

! Special characters that start a bash script

266
Q

What would exit status 0 be if a basch script executed correctly?

A

Exit 0

267
Q

What would exit status 1 be if a basch script executed incorrectly?

A

Exit 1

268
Q

True or False: if/then/else is a branching structure.

A

True

269
Q

Name the three looping structures

A

while loopuntil loopfor loop

270
Q

What do while loops do?

A 
Execute over and over until a specified condition is no longer trueExample:
while condition
do
 script command
done
271
Q

What do until loops do?

A 
Execute over and over until a specified condition is no longer trueExample:
until condition
do
 script command
done
272
Q

What does the for loop do?

A

“Will loop a specified number of times.Example:
for i in ‘seq 15’
do
echo ““the current number in the sequence is $1.’
done
exit 0
“

273
Q

“Example script:
#!/bin/bash
#list contents of directory and write output to a file
location=$1
filename=$2
ls $location > $filename
echo ““Script is complete and has indexed the $location””
echo “”######””
echo ““Displaying contents of our $filename””
echo “”######””
cat $filename
How would you execute and pass the required data to this script assuming the script is called ““findlist.sh””?”

A

./findlist.sh /tmp name_of_file - This will list directory contents of /tmp

274
Q

When it comes to bash scripts what does -z do?

A

“It is a comparison operator used to see if a variable exists.Example:
#!/bin/bash
#list contents of directory and write output to a file
location=$1
filename=$2
if [ -z ““$location”” ] then
echo ““Please provide location argument””
exit 0
fi
if [ -z ““$filename”” ] then
echo ““Please provide filename argument””
exit 0
fi
ls $location > $filename
echo ““Script is complete and has indexed the $location””
echo “”######””
echo ““Displaying contents of our $filename””
echo “”######””
cat $filename
“

275
Q

Explain the steps in the idea of distributed life cycle management.

A
  • Design- Develop- Deploy- Manage- Retire
276
Q

What is the life cycle and release cycle of Redhat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

A

life cycle management: 10 yearsrelease cycle management: 3-4 yearsThis means every 10 years the oldest version gets retired, and every 3-4 years a new version comes along

277
Q

What is the life cycle management and release cycle management of Fedora?

A

life cycle management: 1 yearrelease cycle management: 6 months

278
Q

What is the life cycle management and release cycle management of Suse Linux Enterprise Linux (SLES)?

A

life cycle management: 7 yearsrelease cycle management: 3-4 years

279
Q

What is the life cycle management and release cycle management of OpenSUSE?

A

life cycle management: 18 monthsrelease cycle management: 8 months

280
Q

What is the life cycle management and release cycle management of Ubuntu(LTS)?

A

life cycle management: 5 yearsrelease cycle management: 2 months

281
Q

What are some key facts about the Linux kernel?

A
  • The Linux kernel is a unix like operating system- Linux was developed and created by Linus Torvalds- The kernel is the core of any Linux installation- The kernel is responsible for managing every other piece of software on a running Linux computer- Kernel imposes order by using hierarchy- When the system boots, typically one process called the init process starts up the /sbin/init that in term manages child processes
282
Q

What are some key facts about processes?

A
  • Every process has an associated process id (PID)Example:init is usually process number 1- Every parent process has a parent id (PPID)- Can identify these PIDs and PPIDs with tools like ps
283
Q

What does the ps command do?

A

Report a snapshot of the current processes

284
Q

What command and argument for said command, would you use to list the processes and child processes for a specific user bob?

A

ps -u bob –forest

285
Q

Using the ps and grep commands how would you determine if bob was using the program nano?

A

ps aux | grep bob | grep nano

286
Q

Command:ps auxWhat does aux mean?

A

a = show processes for all usersu = display the process’s user/ownerx = also show processes not attached to a terminal

287
Q

What is top?

A

Similar to ps but in realtime and is interactive

288
Q

What are some common hot keys of top?

A

h - helpk - kill a processr - change process prorietyp - sort for cpu usage (default)m - sort for memory usage

289
Q

What does the free command do?

A

List system total memory status.Use the -h argument for human readable measurement.

290
Q

What is cron?

A

Logs processes that run at regular intervals (cron is a linux scheduling service)

291
Q

Where will most log files be located under?

A

/var/log

292
Q

What is boot.log used for?

A

Log file for processes started late in the boot cycle by either startup scripts or systemd

293
Q

True or false: When it comes to log files grep is your best friend.

A

True

294
Q

“How would you use grep and a wildcard to search the entire /var/log/ directory structure for the word ““access””?”

A

grep access /var/log/*

295
Q

What is a daemon?

A

Programs running in the background

296
Q

“What would a ““d”” at the end of a log file signify?”

A

A log file for a daemon.Depending on the linux distro klog or klogd might take the place of syslog and syslogd

297
Q

What is the kernel ring file?

A

The kernel ring file is sort of a log file for the kernel. However, unlike other log files this is stored in memory.

298
Q

How would you read information from the kernel ring file?

A

dmesg | lessdmesg | grep consoledmesg | grep console | less

299
Q

True or False:If a certain piece of hardware is misbehaving the kernel ring buffer is a good place to look as to why.

A

True

300
Q

What are some common data locations for things like configuration files and logs?

A

/lib - Linked library files used by libraries in /bin and /usr/bin/usr/lib - Linked library files used by binaries in /bin and /usr/bin/etc - Configuration files for our Linux operating system/var/log - Log files for our Linux operating system

301
Q

Did you know that most Linux distros can be configured in a wide variety of roles such as:

  • Domain controller
  • Database server
  • DHCP server
  • Web server
  • Email server
  • File and print server
  • Packet-filtering, stateful, or even application level firewalls
  • Proxy server
  • Content filter server
  • Router
A

Yes, of course I knew that, I am no buffoon you ape.

302
Q

What do networks use in order to talk to each other?

A

Protocols. Protocols can be thought of as languages.

303
Q

True or False: Computers need to speak the same langauge (protocol) in order to talk to each other.

A

True

304
Q

What is the IP Protocol?

A

A networking protocol used on the internetWorks with other protocols such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)Works with the UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

305
Q

What is the OSI reference model?

A

breaks down the overall communication process into specific tasks.

306
Q

When was the OSI reference model designed?

A

1983

307
Q

How many layers does the OSI reference model have?

A

7

308
Q

List the different layers of the OSI reference model.

A

7Application6Presentation5Session4Transport3Network2Data link1Physical

309
Q

Define all 7 layers of the OSI reference model.

A

7Application - Responsible for providing applications with a way that actually accesses the rest of the layers.6Presentation - Responsible for the information passing throughout all of the OSI layers is formatted correctly for the application on the destination system.5Session - Responsible for establishing and maintaining these connections between source and destination network addresses. These connections are referred to as sessions.4Transport - On the sending host this layer receives information from the upper layers. It then divides this information in to small transmittable chunks called packets. On the receiving host packets are reassembled at this layer. This layer also provides error checking mechanisms that ensures that data arrives at destination address in tact. TCP and UDP operate at this layer.3Network - Enables routing of the data. Specifies how to recognize the address of neighbouring nodes (routers for example). Basically specifies the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded towards. The Internet Protocol (IP) operates at this layer. ICMP also operates at this level.2Data link - Defines the rules and procedures for accessing the 1physical layer. Defines how hosts are identified on the network and how network mediums are accessed. Also specifies how to verify data received from 1physical layer. Information received from upper layers is organized in to datagrams.1Physical - Transmits electrical signals between the hosts. This is literally the actual network card that you would plug in to your computer.

310
Q

Fill in the blanks:TCP and or UDP are used together with the IP to _____ data for sending over the network as well as _____ reassembling said data.

A

fragment, reassemble

311
Q

True or False: TCP ensures data exchanged between two network hosts is exchanged reliably.

A

True.

312
Q

What are some examples of upper layer applications that use TCP?

A
  • Web servers- E-mail servers- FTP servers
313
Q

What does UDP stand for?

A

User Datagram Protocol

314
Q

Is UDP a connectionless profile?

A

Yes, UDP packets are sent unacknowledged

315
Q

What are two examples of upper layer applications that use UDP?

A

Stream audioVoice over IP (VoIP)

316
Q

What is the major difference between UDP and TCP?

A

TCP verifies that all information sent is received.UDPassumes that data loss and error checking are either not necessary or it is handled by some other method in the application.

317
Q

What does ICMP stand for?

A

Internet Control Message Protocol

318
Q

For what is ICMP used for?

A

For testing and verifying network communication between hosts

319
Q

What utility ues ICMP to send an echo request that sends packets to a remote host; and upon the host reveiving packets will respond in turn with an ICMP echo response packet?

A

ping

320
Q

What are some well known ports from 0-1023?

A

20 and 21 - FTP23 - Telnet25 - SMTP80 - HTTP110 - POP3137, 138, 139 - NetBIOS443 - HTTPS

321
Q

Port numbers range from 0 up to what number for each individual address?

A

65535

322
Q

Registered ports range from what too what?

A

1024 too 49151- Organizations can program their own network service and then apply for a registered port number to be assigned to it.

323
Q

Dynamic ports range from 49151 too what number?

A

65535

324
Q

An ip address is made up of how many groups of numbers, each of those numbers ranging from what to what?

A

4 numbers, seperated by a period and ranging from 0 to 255

325
Q

At what level in the OSI model does the IP address operate at?

A

3network layer

326
Q

At what level does the MAC address operate at in the OSI standard?

A

2datalink layer

327
Q

True or false: Each number in the IP address is an eight-bit binary number, called an octet

A

True

328
Q

Is11000000.10101000.00000007.00000001 the correct binary representation of192.168.1.1?

A

Yes! Duh.. totally knew that

329
Q

Starting at bit 1 and going to 8, list what each bit in the 8 bit binary address means.

A

Bit 1 = 128Bit 2 = 64Bit 3 = 32Bit 4 = 16Bit 5 = 8Bit 6 = 4Bit 7 = 2Bit 8 = 1

330
Q 
with this binary address:11000000.10101000.00000007.00000001We can convert is as such:
11000000 = 128 + 64 = 192
10101000 = 128 + 32 + 8 = 168
00000007 = 1 = 1
00000001 = 1 = 1
What would the final IP address be?
A

This comes out to 192.168.1.1

331
Q

Why can each number in an IP address not exceed 255?

A

Because each number is a representation of the 8 bit binary address. If you add up 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 it comes out to 255.

332
Q

What would 192.168.1.0 be an address of?

A

A network segment.This the actual address of the host network.The last octet in an ip address can not be a 0 or 255. This is reserved for the address of the network segment itself. It identifies an entire subnet.

333
Q

The192.168.1.255 address would be reserved for what?

A

The last octet can also not be 255. This is reserved for sending the broadcast to all hosts on the segment.

334
Q

True or False:No two hosts on the same network can have the same IP address.

A

True

335
Q

Fill in the blanks:IPv4 is a _____ addressing system that only allows for a maximum of _____ possible unique IP address.

A

32 bit (8bit.8bit.8bit.8bit)4 billion

336
Q

What was created to address the limitations of IPv4?

A

IPv6

337
Q

Fill in the blank: IPv6 is an ____ bit IP scheme

A

128

338
Q

What are IPv6 addresses composed of?

A

Eight, four-character hexadecimal numbers, seperated by colons.Example:FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

339
Q

What is IANI and whare are they in charge of?

A

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, In charge of distributing blocks of ip’s.

Linux (1 decks)

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