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linux Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prompt for the root user?

A

#

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2
Q

What is the prompt for the user?

A

$

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3
Q

What do you call the administrator?

A

root

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4
Q

What command is used to list directory and files?

A

ls

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5
Q

What command is used to display the message on screen?

A

echo

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6
Q

What command is used to diplay the current working directory?

A

pwd

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7
Q

What command is used to change directory?

A

cd

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8
Q

What command is used to create a blank file?

A

touch

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9
Q

What command is used to copy a file or directory?

A

cp

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10
Q

What command is used to make a directory?

A

mkdir

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11
Q

What command is used to view the contents of file or concatenate two or more files?

A

cat

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12
Q

What command is used to break output into pages?

A

less

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13
Q

What command is used to open the VIM text editor?

A

vim

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14
Q

What command is used to open the GNU nano text editor?

A

nano

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15
Q

What command is used to reboot a machine?

A

reboot

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16
Q

What command is used to shutdown a machine?

A

shutdown

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17
Q

What is the command that is used to open the manual of a command?

A

man

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18
Q

What command is used to move files or directories?

A

mv

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19
Q

What is the command that is used to rename directories?

A

mv

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20
Q

What is the command that is used to provide a brief description of the specified command?

A

whatis

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21
Q

What are the desktop environments for CentOS?

A

Gnome / KDE

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22
Q

In which directory can you find the users accounts?

A

etc/passwd

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23
Q

In which directory can you find the encrypted passwords?

A

etc/shadow

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24
Q

In which directory can you find the groups?

A

etc/group

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25
Q

What is the file that contains the list of users and groups that are given with the sudo privileges [wheel group]?

A

sudoers

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26
Q

What command is used to execute commands as root?

A

sudo

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27
Q

What command is used to configure or edit the sudoers file? This command is simpler and more secure

A

visudo

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28
Q

What command is used to open the sudoers file using vi text editor?

A

vim /etc/sudoers

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29
Q

What command is used to remove files?

A

rm

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30
Q

What command is used to remove directories?

A

rmdir

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31
Q

What command is used to add user?

A

useradd

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32
Q

What command is used to set a user’s password?

A

passwd

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33
Q

What command is used to change age? i.e password expiration

A

chage

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34
Q

What command is used to modify user settings

A

usermod

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35
Q

What command is used to delete user?

A

userdel

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36
Q

What command is used to add a group?

A

groupadd

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37
Q

What command is used to delete group?

A

groupdel

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38
Q

What is the command that is used to modify a group?

A

groupmod

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39
Q

What command is used to display the username you’re currently logged in as?

A

whoami

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40
Q

What is the command that is used to determine who are currently logged in?

A

w

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41
Q

What command is used to display the history of user login/logout?

A

last

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42
Q

What command is used to display the uid/guid?

A

id

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43
Q

What command is used to switch user to a specified user or account name?

A

su

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44
Q

What command is used to remote a print job?

A

lpr

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45
Q

What command is used to dislay the history or login/logout times for accounts?

A

lastlog

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46
Q

“*study the octal values for different permissions, ie. [rwx | owner, group, others]
What is the octal for the permission rw- r-x –x”

A

651

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47
Q

What command is used to set the default permissions on newly created files and directories?

A

umask

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48
Q

What command is used to modify permissions on file / directories?

A

chmod

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49
Q

What command is used to change ownership for a file or directory?

A

chown

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50
Q

What command is used to change group ownership of a file or directory?

A

chgrp

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51
Q

What command is used to list attributes of files or directory?

A

lsattr

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52
Q

What command is used to change the attribute of files or directory?

A

chattr

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53
Q

What is the permission that allows a user to have similar permissions as the file’s user or owner?

A

suid

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54
Q

What is the permission that allows a user to have similar permissions as the file’s group owner?

A

guid

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55
Q

What do you call the special permission bit that protects files in a directory?

A

stickybit

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56
Q

What do you call the list of permissions that are attached to an object?

A

acl

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57
Q

What command is used to get the file access control list?

A

getfacl

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58
Q

What command is used to set the file access control list?

A

setfacl

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59
Q

What partition table does legacy BIOS use?

A

MBR

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60
Q

What partition table does UEFI use?

A

GPT

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61
Q

In which directory can you find the device drivers?

A

/dev

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62
Q

In which directory can you find the binary files?

A

/bin

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63
Q

Name a bootloader that linux uses

A

GRUB or GRUB2 or LILO

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64
Q

In which directory can you find the home directories?

A

/home

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65
Q

In which directory can you find the libraries?

A

/lib

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66
Q

In which directory can you find the basic configuration files

A

/etc

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67
Q

In which directory can you find the optional files?

A

/opt

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68
Q

In which directory can you find the root directory?

A

/root

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69
Q

In which directory can you find the user files and programs?

A

/usr

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70
Q

In which directory can you find the variable files?

A

/var

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71
Q

In which directory can you find the temporary files?

A

/tmp

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72
Q

In which directory can you find the necessary files to boot the Linux operating system?

A

/boot

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73
Q

Which directories are VFS (virtual file systems)?

A

/proc

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74
Q

What command is used to display the file system in a hierarchical structure?

A

tree

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75
Q

What command is used to search for files using the mlocate database?

A

locate

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76
Q

What command is used to search for files using the directory structure?

A

find

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77
Q

What command is used to display the complete path of a command?

A

which

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78
Q

What is the command that is used to display the complete path of a command, and its manuals?

A

whereis

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79
Q

What command is used to display the content of a file or concatenate two or more files?

A

cat

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80
Q

What is the command that is used to display the first 10 lines of a file?

A

head

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81
Q

What command is used to display the last 10 lines of a file?

A

tail

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82
Q

What command is used to display the contents of a file page by page?

A

more or less

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83
Q

What command is used to make directory?

A

mkdir

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84
Q

What command is used to remote a print job?

A

lpr

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85
Q

What command is used to translate string of characters?

A

tr

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86
Q

What command is used to count the number of lines, words or characters in a file?

A

wc

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87
Q

What command is used to sort or arrange the lines in a file?

A

sort

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88
Q

What command is used to cut or extract lines of text from a file?

A

cut

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89
Q

What command is used to merge lines from text files horizontally?

A

paste

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90
Q

What command is used to compares the difference between two files?

A

diff

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91
Q

What command is used to filter or search for strings?

A

grep

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92
Q

What command is used to perform pattern matching on files?

A

awk

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93
Q

What is the command that is used for global search and replace actions, using the stream editor?

A

sed

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94
Q

What command is used to create links?

A

ln

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95
Q

What is the character that is used to redirect an output?

A

>

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96
Q

What is the character that is used to append an output to the end of a file?

A

> >

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97
Q

What is the character that is used to pipe or combine the output of a command to another?

A

|

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98
Q

What command is used to copy the output to a specified file and to the screen, at the same time?

A

tee

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99
Q

What command is used to read from standard input and execute a command for each argument that is provided?

A

xargs

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100
Q

What character can you append to a command for it to be executed in the background?

A

&

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101
Q

What command is used to diplay file metadata in a relatively user-friendly structure?

A

stat

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102
Q

What command is used to build and update a database of files? This is based on the /etc/updatedb.conf file

A

updatedb

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103
Q

What is the default text editor in GNOME desktop environments?

A

gedit

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104
Q

What keystroke is used to enter the command mode in VIM?

A

esc

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105
Q

What keystroke is used to enter the execute mode in VIM?

A

:

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106
Q

What keystroke is used to enter the insert mode in VIM?

A

i

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107
Q

What keystroke is used to write or save the file, then quit VIM?

A

:wq

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108
Q

What command is used to extract files from a tar ball?

A

tar -xf

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109
Q

What command is used to copy in and out of an archive?

A

cpio

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110
Q

What command is used to copy and convert files from one media type to another?

A

dd

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111
Q

What command is used to compress/decompress .gz files?

A

gzip

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112
Q

What command is used to compress/decompress .xz files?

A

xz

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113
Q

What command is used to compress/decompress .bz2 files?

A

bzip2

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114
Q

What command is used to invoke the package manager for RHEL?

A

yum or dnf or rpm

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115
Q

What command is used to invoke the package manager for Debian?

A

apt or dpkg

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116
Q

What do you call the software storage locations that package managers can check when installing or updating software?

A

repo

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117
Q

What command is used to create repositories?

A

createrepo

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118
Q

What command is used to see or list all available repositories?

A

repolist

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119
Q

What command is used to clear out-of-date cache information?

A

clean all

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120
Q

What is the compiler in Linux?

A

gcc

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121
Q

What command is used to create a makefile, containing instructions for compiling the software?

A

./configure

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122
Q

What command is used to download files from websites?

A

wget or curl

123
Q

What do you call the VM or container that is used to isolate an application from the rest of the system ie. for testing new software?

A

sandbox

124
Q

What command is used to invoke a package manager, to distribute and run software in a sanbox environment?

A

snap or flatpack or appimage

125
Q

What command is used to show linux processes in real time?

A

top

126
Q

What command is used to show a snapshot of linux processes?

A

ps

127
Q

Which partition type can be used to create basic disks, with max of 2TB disks?

A

mbr

128
Q

Which storage design are the directories organized in hierarchical structure?

A

file system

129
Q

Which RAID standard does mirroring and requires a minimum of 2 disks?

A

1

130
Q

In which file can you find the file system table?

A

etc/fstab

131
Q

What command is used to display the info or details about hardware components?

A

hwinfo

132
Q

What command is used to add or remove modules on linux?

A

modprobe

133
Q

What command is used to list (block) storage devices?

A

lsblk

134
Q

What command is used to list SCSI devices?

A

lsscsi

135
Q

What is the naming convention for the first storage device containing the second partition?

A

sda2

136
Q

What is the naming convention for the second storage device containing the first partition?

A

sdb1

137
Q

What command is used to update the kernel with changes to the partition table?

A

partprobe

138
Q

What command is used to display (block) partition information i.e. UUID?

A

blkid

139
Q

What command is used to make a file system?

A

mkfs

140
Q

Name a file system that is currently used in modern Linux distributions.

A

xfs

141
Q

What command is used to mount or attach a disk/storage to file system?

A

mount

142
Q

What is the command that is used to unmount a file system?

A

umount

143
Q

What command is used to display the disk usage?

A

du

144
Q

What command is used to display the disk’s free space?

A

df

145
Q

What command is used to control systemd init daemon? It is also used to start, stop, restart, enable and disable services

A

systemctl

146
Q

What command is used to check the integrity of file system?

A

fsck

147
Q

What command is used to display or change the file system labels?

A

e2label

148
Q

What command is used to configure various tunable parameters associated with ext2/3/4 filesystem?

A

tune2fs

149
Q

What command is used to dump information about ext2/3/4 filesystem?

A

dumpe2fs

150
Q

What command is used to scan physical volumes?

A

pvscan

151
Q

What command is used to create physical volumes?

A

pvcreate

152
Q

What command is used to change attributes of physical volume?

A

pvchange

153
Q

What command is used to remove physical volumes?

A

pvremove

154
Q

What command is used to check physical volumes?

A

pvcheck

155
Q

What command is used to display info about physical volumes?

A

pvs

156
Q

What command is used to scan virtual group?

A

vgscan

157
Q

What command is used to create virtual group?

A

vgcreate

158
Q

What command is used to check the metadata of virtual group?

A

vgck

159
Q

What command is used to display info about virtual group?

A

vgs

160
Q

What command is used to rename virtual groups?

A

vgrename

161
Q

What command is used to add volume or extend virtual group?

A

vgextend

162
Q

What command is used to reduce or remove volumes from virtual group?

A

vgreduce

163
Q

What command is used to remove virtual group?

A

vgremove

164
Q

What command is used to scan logical volume?

A

lvscan

165
Q

What command is used to create logical volume?

A

lvcreate

166
Q

What command is used to change attributes of logical volume?

A

lvchange

167
Q

What command is used to display info about logical volume?

A

lvs

168
Q

What command is used to rename logical volumes?

A

lvrename

169
Q

What command is used to add volume or extend logical volume?

A

lvextend

170
Q

What command is used to reduce the size of logical volumes?

A

lvreduce

171
Q

What command is used to remove logical volume?

A

lvremove

172
Q

Bitlocker is for Microsoft device encryption whereas ____ is for Linux

A

LUKS

173
Q

What is the command that is used to encrypt data before it is written to disk? It is also the front end to LUKS and dm-crypt.

A

cryptsetup

174
Q

What command is used to display information about existing fibre channel adapters?

A

fcstat

175
Q

What command is used to display information about the state of multiple paths?

A

multipathd

176
Q

What file system is prefered in situations where Linux clients access Linux servers?

A

NFS

177
Q

What command is used to keep track of the IOPS?

A

iostat or ioping

178
Q

What is the default I/O scheduler in modern versions of Linux kernel?

A

CFQ

179
Q

Which I/O scheduler is the simplest, and does not sort I/O requests but merely mergest them?

A

noop

180
Q

Which I/o scheduler sorts I/O operations using three queues?

A

deadline

181
Q

What command is used to trim the file system with the deleted files?

A

fstrim

182
Q

What commands can be used to show configuration information for each of the three layers of the LVM?

A

pvdisplay / vgdisplay / lvdisplay

183
Q

What command is used to securely wipe a storage device? It overwrites contents with random data or all zeroes

A

shred

184
Q

What command is used to administer or manage udev?

A

udevadm

185
Q

What command is used to list usb devices?

A

lsusb

186
Q

What command is used to list pci devices?

A

lspci

187
Q

Which special device file is used as target for generated data that should be discarded?

A

null

188
Q

Which special device file is used to fill storage capacity?

A

/dev/zero

189
Q

Which special device file is used for creating random characters?

A

/dev/urandom

190
Q

What command is used to display information about the CPU?

A

lscpu

191
Q

What command is used to display memory blocks?

A

lsmem

192
Q

What command is used to search for a particular process based on a string that completely or partially identifies the process?

A

pgrep

193
Q

What command is used to stop a process?

A

kill

194
Q

What command is used to display the processes consuming the most system resources?

A

top

195
Q

What command is used to display CPU and memory utilization, with bar graphs and color codes?

A

htop

196
Q

What command is used to list the running processes?

A

ps

197
Q

What command is used to list or display open files?

A

lsof

198
Q

What command is used to retrieve performance stats for boot operation?

A

systemd-analyse

199
Q

What command is used to display the processes that take the most time to start during boot operations?

A

systemd-analyse blame

200
Q

What command is used to display system (activity) usage reports?

A

sar

201
Q

What command is used to display how long the system has been up?

A

uptime

202
Q

What is the command that is used to change the priority of a process? (a process priority can be changed by its ___ value)

A

renice

203
Q

What character can you append to a command for it to be executed in the background?

A

&

204
Q

What command is used to move a job to the background?

A

bg

205
Q

What command is used to move a job to the foreground?

A

fg

206
Q

What key stroke can be used to pause a job temporarily, so it can be moved to the background?

A

ctrl-z

207
Q

What key stroke can be used to stop a running process?

A

ctrl-c

208
Q

What command is used to prevent process from ending when user logs off (no hang up)?

A

nohup

209
Q

What command is used to make swap space?

A

mkswap

210
Q

What command is used to turn on or activate a swap partition?

A

swapon

211
Q

What command is used to turn off or deactivate a swap partition?

A

swapoff

212
Q

What command is used to display the quantity of free or unused physical memory?

A

free

213
Q

What option can be appended to the du, df, and free commands to make the output human-readable?

A

-h

214
Q

What command is used to display the use of virtual memory?

A

vmstat

215
Q

What command is used to show device driver messages?

A

dmesg

216
Q

What command is used to print the name of the kernel?

A

uname

217
Q

What command is used to list or display the kernel modules?

A

lsmod

218
Q

What command is used to display info about a module?

A

modinfo

219
Q

What command is used to install a module?

A

insmod

220
Q

What command is used to remove a module?

A

rmmod

221
Q

What command is used to add or remove a module, instead of insmod or rmmod?

A

modprobe

222
Q

What command is used to identify and update the module dependencies?

A

depmod

223
Q

In which directory can you find the parameters that you can configure on your system?

A

proc/sys

224
Q

What command is used to specify an alternative name for a module with a long name?

A

alias

225
Q

What do you call the fatal system error (BSOD) in Linux?

A

kernel panic

226
Q

What command is used to display or print messages that have been sent to the kernel’s message buffer during and after a system boot?

A

dmesg

227
Q

What command is used to view and query log files created by systemd journal?

A

journalctl

228
Q

What do you call the programs that run in the background, in Linux?

A

daemons

229
Q

What do you call the software that responds to request from other programs?

A

services

230
Q

Which service synchronizes time among network servers?

A

ntp krony

231
Q

Which service allows remote access to exported directories? It is also commonly used to connect file servers.

A

nfs

232
Q

Which service makes web pages available across the network?

A

http

233
Q

Which service allows secure remote administration?

A

ssh

234
Q

What is the configuration file (daemon) that initiates the processes listed in it?

A

init

235
Q

What is the software suite that provides an init method for initializing a system?

A

systemd

236
Q

What command is used to control systemd init daemon? It is also used to start, stop, restart, enable and disable services

A

systemctl

237
Q

What command is used to set the graphical target as the default?

A

graphical.target

238
Q

What commands are used to control SysVinit services?

A

service

239
Q

What is the default port number for SSH?

A

22

240
Q

What logging utility is capable of forwarding log files to remote systems?

A

rsyslog

241
Q

In which directory can you find the various log files?

A

var/log

242
Q

In which directory can you find the file that defines the time servers?

A

etc

243
Q

What is the default port number for NTP? It is also used by chrony

A

123

244
Q

What is the primary task scheduler in Linux?

A

cron

245
Q

In which directory can you find the file for configuring scheduled tasks?

A

etc

246
Q

A script shows [30 4 1 * *]. When is the task scheduled to run?

A

0430 1st day of month

247
Q

In cron what do each of the asterisks represent[* * * * *]?

A

minute - hour - day of month - month of year - day of week

248
Q

What command is used to run tasks once at a specified time?

A

at

249
Q

In which directory can you find the files that make up a website?

A

var

250
Q

What is the default port number for http?

A

80

251
Q

What is the print management system for Linux that enables a computer to function as a print server?

A

cups

252
Q

What command is used to list printer queue?

A

lpq

253
Q

What command is used to print?

A

lpr

254
Q

What is the port number used by CUPS?

A

631

255
Q

What command is used to set the time and date in the system?

A

timedatectl

256
Q

What command is used to display the date?

A

date

257
Q

What command is used to view or set the hardware clock?

A

hwclock

258
Q

What command is used to configure the system locale (language) and keyboard layout?

A

localectl

259
Q

In which directory can you find the the regional timezones that you can configure the system to use?

A

usr/share/zoneinfo

260
Q

What protocol is used for dynamic IP address assignment?

A

dhcp ports 67 and 68

261
Q

What protocol is used for host/server name resolution?

A

dns port 53

262
Q

What protocol is used for file transfer?

A

ftp ports 20 and 21

263
Q

What command is used to view IP settings? [deprecated]

A

ifconfig

264
Q

What command is used to view IP settings? Newer command

A

ip

265
Q

What command is used to configure wireless settings?

A

iwconfig

266
Q

What command is used to invoke the network manager via CLI?

A

nmcli

267
Q

What command is used to invoke the network manager via text-based user interface?

A

nmtui

268
Q

What command is used to invoke the network manager via GUI?

A

nmgui

269
Q

In which directory can you find the network settings for the Linux system?

A

etc

270
Q

What command is used to manage (ethernet) NIC driver and network config?

A

ethertool

271
Q

What command is used to manage the DHCP client configuration?

A

dhclient

272
Q

What command is used to change the hostname?

A

hostnamectl

273
Q

In which directory can you find the hosts file?

A

etc/hostname

274
Q

In which directory can you find the files used by DNS?

A

etc/resolve.conf

275
Q

What command is used to display and manage routing table?

A

iproute

276
Q

In which directory can you find the files for managing SSH?

A

etc/ssh

277
Q

What command is used to download files from websites?

A

wget or curl

278
Q

What command is used to listen on, and attempt a connection to, a remote computer?

A

netcat

279
Q

What command is used to conduct secure copy to or from a remote host?

A

scp

280
Q

Name atleast one GUI-based option for remote access.

A

cockpit

281
Q

What solution would you recommend if you’d like to connect via SSH yet avoid entering a password?

A

key based authentication

282
Q

What command is used to send test packets between systems on a network? (command to test connectivity)

A

ping

283
Q

What command is used to display the network path (hops) between the client and the server?

A

traceroute

284
Q

What command is used to test name resolution? (linux only)

A

whois

285
Q

What command is used to test name resolution? (linux and windows)

A

nslookup

286
Q

What is the command that is used to provide info on internet DNS registration?

A

whois

287
Q

What command is used for SSL connectivity between client and server?

A

openssl

288
Q

What command is used to display bandwidth usage information?

A

iftop

289
Q

What command is used to test throughput between endpoints, server and client?

A

iperf

290
Q

What is the command that is used to check the related IP addresses and MAC addresses?

A

arp

291
Q

What is the IPv4 loopback address?

A

127.0.0.1

292
Q

What are the first 2 numbers in an APIPA?

A

169.254

293
Q

What command is used to generate SSH keys?

A

ssh-keygen

294
Q

What command is used to append user’s public keys to remote server’s authorized keys file

A

ssh-copy-id

295
Q

What command is used to connect via ssh?

A

ssh

296
Q

What command is used to scan ports, network nodes and/or subnets?

A

nmap

297
Q

What is the process of converting data — text, numbers, files, or anything — into a fixed-length string of letters and numbers.

A

hashing

298
Q

What is the name of the algorithm used to create a 128-bit hash value?

A

MD5

299
Q

What is the default Linux shell?

A

bash

300
Q

What are other linux shells?

A

korn shell or z shell

301
Q

What is the command to alter the firewall?

A

firewall-cmd

302
Q

What command is used to calculate SHA 256 hash values?

A

sha256sum

303
Q

What command is used to calculate MD5 hash values

A

md5sum

linux (2 decks)

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