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Linux > Linux > Flashcards

Linux Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of linux

A

Flexibility, Multitasking, Multi-user, Portable

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2
Q

USER <-> SHELL <-> kernal <-> Hardware

A
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3
Q

Functions of a shell

A

Acts as command interpreter, performs I/O, manages environment.

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4
Q

Functions of a kernal

A

Manages creation and termination of processes. Manages allocation of memory. manages filesystem. Manages system I/O

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5
Q

BIOS tasks

A

-performs POST
-hardware setup and config
-boot device is selected and loaded

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6
Q

Grub stage 1 tasks

A

-Small machine code located in MBR
-Sole purpose is to locate and load second stage of boot loader into memory

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7
Q

GRUB stage 2 tasks

A

-kernal selection menu is displayed
-Loads initial RAM into memory, known as initrd
-Loads kernal into memory

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8
Q

Linux Kernal

A

-Initializes and configures memory and hardware
mounts initrd to load drivers.
-Mounts file root system
-Executes /sbin/init

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9
Q

BIOS -> GRUB1 -> GRUB2 -> kernal

A
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10
Q

What are the 3 kinds of linux drivers

A

Module, loadable kernal module, Device Drivers

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11
Q

What does the module driver do

A

A piece of code that can be added to kernal at runtime

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12
Q

what does the Loadable kernal module (LKM) do

A

Adds and removes functionality to the kernal while system is running

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13
Q

what do device drivers do

A

Allows system to communicate with the system hardware and peripheral devices

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14
Q

What is virtualization

A

Process of creating software-based version of something

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15
Q

host OS

A

OS running virtual environment can run several guest OS

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16
Q

Guest OS

A

OS inside virtual environment

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17
Q

Hypervisor

A

Seperates OS from hardware; AKA abstraction layer

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18
Q

Logical resources

A

Representation of physical resources

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19
Q

Physical resources

A

actual underlying hardware (RAM, CPU)

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20
Q

What is server virtualization

A

One physical machine divided into many virtual servers.
Utilizes hypervisor

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21
Q

What is application virtualization

A

-Java/python VMs
-Streaming applications from a central location

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22
Q

What is network virtualization

A

Combination of multiple networks (VPNs)
-Logically seperate physcial network with virtual network devices

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23
Q

What is containerization

A

-Contains everything to run a piece of software
-Shares the kernal with other containers

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24
Q

Advantages of virtualization

A

-Consolidation of hardware resources
-Multiple instances of OSs can run on one machine

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25
Q

Advanced RISC machine (ARM) processor

A

-Majority of phones use the arm process
-ARM uses the reduced instruction set computing (RISC)

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26
Q

Three key attributes of ARM processors

A

Small implementation size, good performance, very low power consumption

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27
Q

ARM Instruction set

A

set of 32-bit instructions
provides comprehensive data-processing and control functions

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28
Q

THUMB instruction set

A

-set of 16-bit instructions
-Provides significantly improved code density, at cost of reduction in performance

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29
Q

What are the 5 layers of android

A

Linux kernal, Libraries, Android runtime, Application framework, Applications

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30
Q

what is Linux kernal (layers of android)

A

-Lowest level, built on linux kernal

31
Q

What are libraries (layers of android)

A

Provides native libraries, low level functionality

32
Q

What is android runtime (layers of android)

A

Dalvik VM, core android library

33
Q

What is application framework (layers of android)

A

-Java libraries to build applications

34
Q

What are applications (layers of android)

A

All the applications on the system

35
Q

What is the boot process of an android OS

A

1) Boot ROM 2)Boot loader phase 1 3) Boot loader phase 2 4) kernal phase 5) init 6) zygote 7) system servers 8) system servers 9) Home applications 10) contacts

36
Q

What does the boot ROM phase do

A

-Performs check of all chip components
-Detects boot media and locates first stage of boot loader
-loads boot loader first stage into RAM

37
Q

What does boot loader stage 1 do

A

Boot loader detects and sets up external RAM
Loads boot loader stage 2 into external RAM

38
Q

What does boot loader stage 2 do

A

-Sets up hardware such as networking and additional networking
-Looks for linux kernal and loads it into memory
-Passes control to kernal

39
Q

What does the kernal stage do

A

Setup memory protection, caches, and scheduling
starts init process

40
Q

What does the init stage do

A

-Starts each system service daemon in separate processes
-Starts zygote process
-Starts runtime process

41
Q

What does the zygote stage do

A

Runtime process tells zygote to start system server
Listens for requests to spawn Dalvik VM instances

42
Q

What does the system server stage do

A

-Starts native system servers and android managed servers

43
Q

What does the home application stage do

A

Idle screen, zygote loads home application in new Dalvik VM

44
Q

What does the contacts stage do

A

Zygote loads contacts process in new Dalvik Vm

45
Q

command = ln

A

makes links between files. -s is symbolic

46
Q

command = chmod

A

Changes permissions on file

47
Q

command = chown

A

-Changes ownership [owner][:group]

48
Q

suid bit

A

-Allows executable to run with permissions of the file owner

49
Q

sgid bit

A

Allows executable to run with permissions of the group
subfolders retain sgid bit

50
Q

command = whatis

A

displays one line manual page description

51
Q

command = which

A

prints full path of executable.

52
Q

command = whereis

A

Locates binary path for a command

53
Q

command = hostname

A

shows system hostname

54
Q

command = uname

A

-prints certain system info, such as kernal name, release version

55
Q

shell variables

A

Variables contained exclusively in shell which were set

56
Q

packages

A

A consolidation of files needed to provide a feature to the OS, such as a text editor

57
Q

Repository

A

Central location where packages are stored

58
Q

command = tr

A

performs substitution or deletion of selected characters

59
Q

/proc/pid

A

Files that provide information about the process

60
Q

systemctl

A

control systemd system and service manager

61
Q

NFS

A

-Internet standard protocol for file sharing between systems

62
Q

command = ifconfig

A

used to configure network interface

63
Q

command = route

A

manipulates kernal IP routing table

64
Q

command = ssh

A

Logging into a remote machine

65
Q

command = iptables

A

edit tables to store set of firewall rules
admin table for ipv4 packet filtering and NAT

66
Q

regular expressions

A

sequence of characters that define a search pattern for text

67
Q

/var/log

A

Holds most system log. only accessible by root

68
Q

/var/log/secure

A

contains info related to authentication and authorization priveledges

69
Q

/var/log/lastlog

A

contains info on last login. viewed using lastlog

70
Q

var/log/btmp

A

contains info on failed logins. viewed by lastb

71
Q

var/run/utmp

A

contains info on who is currently logged in. Viewed by who command

72
Q

/var/log/wtmp

A

Contains all logins/logouts. viewed by last

73
Q

auditctl

A

used to configure options related to auditing

Linux (2 decks)

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