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LINGUISTICS FINAL (by heart) > LINGUISTICS FINAL (by heart) > Flashcards

LINGUISTICS FINAL (by heart) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Priming?

A

An implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus (ex: a word) influences the response to another stimulus

Ex: yellow can prime ‘bus’ or ‘banana’

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2
Q

What are bottom-up processes?

A

Moving from accoustic or visual signals to semantic interpretation

1. First identify words from sounds/letters ‘cat’
2. Then match with concept

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3
Q

What are top-down processes?

A

Going from semantic and syntactic info to sensory input; allows predictions

‘Her pet cat took a nap’: ‘pet’ primes ‘cat’

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4
Q

What is Lexical decision task?

A

Decide if a given string is a word or not

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5
Q

What factors affect word recognition?

A
  • Frequency: have is easier than Jade
  • Orthographic/phonetic neighbourhood: mine vs much
  • Length: bank easier than discriminate
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6
Q

What is lexical ambiguity

A

Homophones: knight/night
Homographs: lead
Possible meanings: bank versus film

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7
Q

When identifying a written word, is the meaning of a word accessed automatically? Is the phonological information of a word accessed automatically? (With the Stroop task)

A

The meaning of words is activated automatically; we cannot control the activation of meaning, the meaning of words is accessed via phonology

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8
Q

What is automaticity?

A

A property of cognitive processes that are generally effortless, involuntary, and unconscious

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9
Q

How does automaticity of word meaning applied to dyslexics?

A

There is a phonological deficit for dyslexics - they cannot activate phonological information obligatorily

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of speech production?

A

Conceptualisation, formulation, articulation

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11
Q

What is working memory?

A
  • A flexible workspace thhhat not only stores information but also plays an active role in processing and manipulating information
  • limited capacity
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12
Q

What are the central executive functions of working memory?

A
  • Storage and processing of information
  • related to many complex language and other cognitive tasks ex: reading comprehension processes
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13
Q

What are operation span measures?

A
  • Predict verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subjects are solving mathematical problems
  • argued this implies a general pool of resources used in every type of working memory situation
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14
Q

What are the effects of bilingualism

A
  • Compared to monolinguals, bilinguals show longer gaze durations to target items when reading sentences
  • Slower response times than monolinguals in lexical decision tasks
  • Slower lexical processing during language production for. bilinguals
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15
Q

What role does memory play as a learning tool in using and understanding a language?

A
  • In L2: crucial role in acquiring a new linguistic system

Ex: word learning

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16
Q

What role does working memory play in using and understanding a language?

A
  • Storage and processing: a flexible workspace that not only stores information but also plays an active role in processing and manipulating information
  • Limited capacity: certain amount of space, has to be done gradually
17
Q

What role does working memory (central executive functions) play in using and understanding a language?

A
  • Related to many complex language and other cognitive tasks, for ex: reading comprehension processes
  • Backward digit span
  • Reading span
  • Operation span
18
Q

What role does working memory (composite task) play in using and understanding a language?

A
  • Reading span: whether sentences are correct while memorizing unrelated digits
  • Symmetry span: whether spatial displays are vertically symmetrical while memorizing spatial locations withing a grid
  • Operation span: whether mathematical operations are correct while memorizing consonants
19
Q

What role does phonological memory play in using and understanding a language?

A
  • Phonological memory (phonological loop): component within overall working memory model
  • Very short term holding space for verbal information
  • Related to language tasks, in particular vocabulary learning
20
Q

What do Neurolinguistics study?

A

Studies the relation between language and the brain, especially the association between brain damage and speech language deficits

21
Q

What are the techniques to investigate brain organization?

A
  1. PET scan
    Radioactive isotope injected in bloodstream, seen in brain areas
  2. MRI
    Measure blood flow in the brain
  3. Brain imaging
    analyzing brain activity while cognitive tasks performance
  4. Dichotic listening studies
    capitalizes on brain property whereby each hemisphere is primarily wired to opposite side of the body
22
Q

What are the techniques to investigate brain organization?

A
  1. PET scan
    Radioactive isotope injected in bloodstream, seen in brain areas
  2. MRI
    Measure blood flow in the brain
  3. Brain imaging
    analyzing brain activity while cognitive tasks performance
  4. Dichotic listening studies
    capitalizes on brain property whereby each hemisphere is primarily wired to the opposite side of the body
23
Q

What are the advantages of dichotic listening studies?

A

Right ear advantage (REA): in general, advantage for words, numbers
Left ear advantage (LEA): for perception of melodies. and environmental sounds such as bird songs

24
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

25
Q

What is the procedure of cutting the corpus callosum?

A

Commisurotomy

26
Q

Beside brain study, what is Commisurotomy used for?

A

It is one treatment for serious epilepsy

27
Q

What happens after the split of the two brain hemisphered?

A
  • Words presented to the far left visual field cannot be read (alexia)
  • Hidden objects placed in the left hand cannot be named (anomia)
28
Q

What did split brain experiments reveal regarding language?

A

Revealed that the right hemisphere shows some language understanding, but is mute

29
Q

What is lateralization?

A
  • Brain asymmetry whereby each hemisphere is specialized for certain functions
  • Language is largely lateralized to the left hemisphere
30
Q

What are the responsibilities of the left hemisphere of the brain?

A
  • Analytical processing (analyzing information)
  • Language, speech sounds
  • Mathematical calculations
  • Temporal relations
  • Intellectual reasoning
  • Right visual field
31
Q

What are the responsibilities of the right hemisphere of the brain?

A
  • Hollistic processing (recognizing overall patterns, e.g., face recognition)
  • Nonspeech sounds
  • Intonation, prosody
  • Music (in musically naïve individuals)
  • Visual-spatial skills
  • Emotional reactions
  • Left visual field
32
Q

What are the language specialized areas of the brain?

A

Broca’s Area:
- In left frontal lobe
- Controls production of speech sounds
Wernicke’s Area:
- Left temporal lobe
- Gets meaning from words and sentences
- Formulates ideas into speech

33
Q

What are the characteristics in Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • Non-fluent and effortful speech
  • Many pauses
  • Slow rate with uneven flow
  • Limited word output
  • Short sentences
  • Misarticulated or distorted sounds
  • Telegraphic speech
34
Q

What are the characteristics of Wernick’s aphasia?

A
  • Fluent, abnormally so
  • Rapid rate of speech
  • Prosody is good
  • Articulation is intact
  • Lots of neologisms: ‘jargon’
  • Poor auditory comprehension
  • Impaired repetition of words and sentences
  • Writing problems
  • They maintain correct syntax, articulation, and prosody
35
Q

What is acquired dyslexia?

A

Impairement of reading ability

36
Q

What is acquired dysgraphia?

A

Writing impairement

37
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A
  • Damage to the fibers connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (arcuate fasciculus; supramarginal gyrus)
  • speech is fluent
  • auditory comprehension is good
  • oral reading is poor
  • repetition problems
  • transpositions of sounds within a word
    (“television” –> “velitision”) are common
  • rare condition

ex:
Clinician: say 97
Patient: 79

38
Q

What are sociolinguistics?

A

Study of interrelationships of language and social structure, of linguistic variation, and of attitudes toward language

LINGUISTICS FINAL (by heart) (1 decks)

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