Linguistics

Question 1

Linguistic Competence

Answer 1

the unconscious knowledge one has when knowing another language

Question 2

Linguistic Performance

Answer 2

the ability to comprehend and produce sentences in another language

Question 3

Performance Error

Answer 3

A linguistics mistake made when communicating in a different language; can occur due to fatigue or carelessness in speech

Question 4

Speech Communication Chain

Answer 4

refers to the process language takes from the speaker to the listener: 1) Linguistic Level (Speaker) 2) Physiology Level (Articulatory) 3) Acoustic Level 4) Physiology Level (Auditory) 5) Linguistic Level (Listener Side)

Question 5

Speech Communication Chain Steps

Answer 5

1) Speaker arranges thoughts into a statement.
2) Speaker voices their statement out loud to the listener.
3) The sound travels to the listener.
4) The listener hears and comprehends the sound from the speaker.
5) The Listener understands the statement communicated by the speaker.

Question 6

Noise

Answer 6

Sounds that can influence our understanding of a language. This can range from the volume of a speaker or psychological noises that a listener associates with the language like perception or stereotypes.

Question 7

Lexicon

Answer 7

A collection of words specifically used in a language, group, or profession

Question 8

Mental Grammar

Answer 8

the system that all speakers of a language have in their minds, which allows them to understand each other

Question 9

Language Variation

Answer 9

a characteristic of language used to explain that there are several ways a speaker can say the same thing

Question 10

Descriptive Grammar

Answer 10

details the grammatical rules and formations used in a specific language

Question 11

Give 4 pieces of evidence on why writing and language are not the same thing

Answer 11

1) Writing, in most cases, is permanent and cannot easily be changed. Language can easily be altered and fixed as it is spoken out loud in the present.
2) Writing is used to hold on to old text and information. Language is primarily used for immediate communication.
3) Writing does not account for the pronunciation of words. Language focuses heavily on dictation as it is spoken out loud.
4) Writing allows for punctuations and accents on words while language does not as it is a type of vocal communication.

Question 12

What are 3 reasons why some people believe writing is superior to speech?

Answer 12

1) Writing is able to be kept for safe-keeping because it is tangible.
2) Writing allows for easier distribution and can reach large groups of people quickly.
3) Writing gives a person more time to edit and fix their mistakes while speech requires immediate action with little room for errors.

Question 13

Prescriptive Grammar

Answer 13

a set of rules in language based on how people think a language should be used.

Question 14

Prescribe

Answer 14

the establishing of a rule in language on correct usage of a word/phrase

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

Answer 15

1) Vocal-auditory channel
2) Broadcast transmission and directional reception
3) Transitoriness
4) Interchangeability
5) Total feedback
6) Specialization
7) Semanticity
8) Arbitrariness
9) Discreteness

Question 16

Mode of communication

Answer 16

refers to various ways a person can communicate with another such as speech, writing, and etc.

Question 17

Semanticity

Answer 17

specific sounds a person makes in speech that is tied to a variety of meanings

Question 18

Pragmatic function

Answer 18

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the listener

Question 19

Interchangeability

Answer 19

the linguistic idea that a person can give and receive identical language signals

Question 20

Cultural transmission

Answer 20

the transferring of beliefs, morals, teachings, and practices of a culture from one person to another.

Question 21

Arbitrariness

Answer 21

the meaning of a linguistic sign is not predictable by referring to its word form alone

Question 22

Linguistic sign

Answer 22

signifies the relationship between a concept and a sound within language

Question 23

Convention

Answer 23

a principle, norm, or rule that has been adopted by a language

Question 24

Non-arbitrariness

Answer 24

the relationship between the form of a word and its meaning

Question 25

Iconic

Answer 25

a relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning

Question 26

Onomatopoeia

Answer 26

the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named

Question 27

Conventionalized

Answer 27

words or phrases that have been made to be widely used and accepted in a general population

Question 28

Sound symbolism

Answer 28

the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound

Question 29

Discreteness

Answer 29

The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct and specific

Question 30

Displacement

Answer 30

the capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present

Question 31

Productivity

Answer 31

the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process

Question 32

Modality

Answer 32

refers to the ways language can express various relationships to reality or truth

Question 33

myths about signed languages

Answer 33

1) People that use signed language can also read lips
2)Writing communication is just as effective than signed language
3) Signed language is the same all around the world.
4) It is okay to speak solely to the interpreter and not the deaf person.

Question 34

Differences between codes and languages

Answer 34

1) Codes are often shortened words and phrases used to communicate quickly while language is used in a more expansive way of communicating.
2) Codes use symbols to communicate while language uses words and sentences.
3) Codes allow for shortcuts in communication while language allows for a more well-rounded communication
4) Codes are great for quick communication but should not be used as a main way of communication because it isn’t expensive in the way language is