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Language and Creativity > Linguistic terms > Flashcards

Linguistic terms Flashcards

1
Q

Ethnographic

A

relating to the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences.

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2
Q

Neologism

A

a newly coined/made word or expression.

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3
Q

Multimodality

A

The term multimodality refers to the combination of multiple sensory and communicative modes, such as sight, sound, print, images, video, music, and so on, that produce meaning in any given message

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4
Q

Defamiliarisation

A

Representing something we know as something new to push an audience to a new understanding of the thing.
(SHKLOVSKY, PROPP & JAKOBSEN saw this as the purpose of art)

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5
Q

Foregrounding

A

making soemthing standout from it’s surroundings
(contributes to the process of defamilirisation)
Created by Deviation or parrallelism

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6
Q

Deviation

A

Deviation is used to create foregrounding.
It is creating an unexpected irregulairity or difference from a norm.
Deviation is relatative - something can only deviate if there is an established norm.

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7
Q

Parrallelism

A

Parrallelism is another form of foregrounding.
Unexpected repitition.
LEECH (stylistics pg 33 - Parrallelism ‘sets up a relationship of equivalence between two or more elements: the elements singles out by the pattern as being parallelled. Interpreting the parallelism involves appreciating some external connection between these elements’

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8
Q

Phonetics & Phonology

A

the sound of language

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9
Q

Typography

A

The shape of words (in terms of arranging type)

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10
Q

orthography

A

the conventional spelling system of a language.

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11
Q

Morphology

A

the way words are constructed.
(E.g deviation would be going against the standard grammer ‘yous’)

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12
Q

Syntax

A

The way words combine with other words

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13
Q

Lexis

A

The actual words
(e.g. repition of a word would be lexical parallelism)

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14
Q

Semantics or Meanings

A

Semantics is the study of the meaning of words
(e.g Metaphor)

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15
Q

Pragmatics

A

the way word and sentences are used in everyday situaltions and interactions: ergo the meanings of words within context.

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16
Q

Poetic function of Language

A

Formalist are of the opinion that deviant language calls attention to itself - by the form and arrangement.
This drawing attention to itself is called the poetic function of langauge.

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17
Q

Figurative Exspressiong

A

Similie
Metaphor
Meteonymies

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18
Q

Metaphor

A

Talking, writing and potentially thinking about something as if it were something else

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19
Q

Simile

A

explicitly signalling the comparison between two things

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20
Q

Metonymy

A

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive,

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21
Q

Genre

A

A template for the content, form and function of texts - shapes our expectation

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22
Q

What are the three lenses that we can explore linguistic creativity with?

A

The textual lens
The Contextual lens
The Critical lens

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23
Q

The Textual lens

A

The charateristics of literatry language is the basis of the textual lens.

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24
Q

The Contextual lens

A

Focuses upon the extricability of language from its context

  • interactions
    -function
    -S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G
    -maybe social commentary
    -humour
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25
Q

The Critical lens

A

Questions the values and assumptions embedded within the context
The effects of lingistic creativity and how it is valued.

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26
Q

S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G
(The speaking Grid)

A

Setting.
Participants
End (purpose)
Act (topics discussed)
Key (the manner)
Instrumentalities (lang, dialect)
Norms
Genre

USe this to Ethnographically identify aspects of context

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27
Q

Paralinguistic

A

Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice are all examples of paralinguistic features

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28
Q

Prosodic

A

the rythm, stress and tone of speech

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29
Q

Reportage

A

refers to in-depth investigation of the situation behind a news story, which may involve photographic images, or literary writing, in order to grasp its essence.

30
Q

linguistic corpus analysis

A

Corpus linguistics is a methodology that involves computer-based empirical analyses (both quantitative and qualitative) of language use by employing large, electronically available collections of naturally occurring spoken and written texts, so-called corpora.

31
Q

Internal deviation

A

occurs when a writer or language user violates the norm s/he has established in her/his text. In essence, internal deviation describes that situation where a language user deviates from the norms of a deviated norm.

32
Q

External deviation

A

occurs when a language user violates the norm that s/he shares with other language users.

33
Q

The levels model

A

the major levels of structure applicable here are phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and the pragmatic (or discourse) level.
- founded upon the idea that language has more that on e level of organisation made up of meaningless units - sounds
and meaningful units - words
formed into arrangements of smaller phonological units then organised into higher level structures

34
Q

3 P’s of creativity in language

A

Product
Process
Purpose

35
Q

Coverstational Analysis (CA)

A
  • An ethnomethodical approach to analysisng spoken language.
  • CA aims to demostrate the structure that underlies all conversation
    (Harvey Slacks in 1970s pioneered the approach)
36
Q

Turn taking system (CA)

A

In a typical conversation a turn taking system takes place.
Turn taking is composed of two componants
-turn allocation component
- turn constructional component
(pg 101-102 stylistics)

37
Q

Transition Relevance place (TRP)

A

The point in conversation at which a change of speaker occurs.

38
Q

Adjacency pairs

A

(CA) Consisits of a first part and second part
- second part may be prefered or dispreffered.
Prefered Greeting adjacent pair
Hello -Hello
Dispreffered version
Hello-Fuck off

39
Q

Entailment

A

An entailment is a deduction or implication, that is, something that follows logically from or is implied by something else. In logic, an entailment is the relationship between sentences whereby one sentence will be true if all the others are also true.

40
Q

Presupposition

A

presupposition (or PSP) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include: Jane no longer writes fiction.

41
Q

Implicature

A

something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed

42
Q

Cooperative Principal (CP)

A

describes how people achieve effective conversational communication in common social situations—that is, how listeners and speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way.

  • Forumulated of four sub maxims

(stylistics pg 105)

Technical view point-
The basis of Gricean pragmatics is the cooperative principle (CP): “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange” (Grice 1989, cited under Foundational Works, p. 26).

43
Q

The four Sub-maxims of Cooperative Principle (CP)

A

Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner

  • best understood as encapsultaing the assuptions we typically have when we engage in conversation.
44
Q

CP Quantity Sub-maxim

A
  • Make the contribuation as informative as required for the purpose of the exchange
  • So not make your contribution more informative that is required.
45
Q

CP Quality Sub-maxim

A
  • Do not say what you believe to be false
  • Do not say that which you lack evidence for
46
Q

CP Relation Sub-maxim

A

Be relevant

47
Q

CP anner Sub-maxim

A
  • Be clear and easily understood (perspicuous)
    -Avoid obscurity of expression
  • avoid ambiguity
    -Be brief
  • Be orderly
48
Q

Flouting

A

Flouting happens when a speaker fails to observe a maxim. This draws attention to an undercurrent of meaning.

49
Q

Interlocutor

A

person who takes part in a dialogue

50
Q

Violating

A

when a speaker breaks a maxim on purpose and inteds for the intelocutor not to notice it.

51
Q

Infringement

A

When a speaker fails to observe a maxim though with no intention to decive or generate an effect (implicature).
E.g if person is tired or drunk.

52
Q

opting out

A

When a speaker prefers not to answer e.g no comment therefore opting out of the cooperative principal.

53
Q

Reality paradigms

A

radicily different perspectives or different interpretations of meaning or values /perspective of reality that can lead to clashes.

54
Q

Face

A

Brown and Levison 1987
Everyone has face needs e.g
positive face needs - the need to be liked
negative face needs - the desire to go about ones own business unimpeded.

55
Q

A Face threatening act (FTA)

A

an affront to face needs which speakers will use politeness strategies designed to appeal to their addressee’s face needs.

56
Q

Five super strategies for FTA (Brown and Levinson 1987)

A
  1. Perform FTA bald, on record
  2. Perform FTA on record using positive politeness
  3. Perform FTA on record using negative politeness
  4. Perform FTA off record
  5. Don’t use FTA
57
Q

Culpeper’s Five super strategies (impoliteness)

A

1.1. Perform FTA bald, on record impoliteness
2. Perform FTA on record using positive impoliteness
3. Perform FTA on record using negative impoliteness
4. Perform FTA using sarcasm or mock politeness
5. Withold politeness

58
Q

Speech act

A

First identified by J.K. Austin who noted language is not just used to make statments or ask questions byt also used to perform actions.
Made of COnstatives and Performatives

59
Q

Constatives

A

I like guiness - can be true or false

60
Q

Performatives

A

I apologise - can never be said to be true or false.
Purely self refferentail - referring to the speaker.

61
Q

Felicitous

A

in metalinguistic performatives are always sucessful - felictous - ergo noone can accuse you of not haveing perfromed the act specified by the verb.
‘I say that he is a cad and a bounder’
Yes you have said this.
For a performative to be felicitous the external factors must align with the Felicity conditions

62
Q

Felicity conditions (Austin 1963)

A

a1: There must be conventional procedure having a conventional effect
a2: the circumstance and persons must be a ppropriate.
B: The procedure must be executed (i) correctly (ii) completely
C; Often
(i) the persons must havd the requisit ethoughts, feelings and intetions and
(ii) if consequent conduct is specified the the relavant parties must do it.

63
Q

locution

A

what is said ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

64
Q

illocution

A

what is meant ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

65
Q

perlocution

A

the effect of the hearer of what is said ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

66
Q

Speech Act 4 componants (J.R. Searle)

A

If we consider the speech act as an offering it could be:
-Propositional act
- Preparatory act
- Sincerity condition
-Essential condition

67
Q

Propositional act:

A

The speaker asks the hearer if they would like them to do something which they belive would be in the hearer’s interests

68
Q
  • Preparatory act
A

Speaker believes item or action is in best interests for hearer and can provide that

69
Q

Sincerity condition

A

Speaker wants to provide item action for the hearer

70
Q

Roman Jakobsen
Theoretical Catagories

A

Context
Adresser (sender)
Adressee (reciever)
Contact
Common code
Message

71
Q

Phatic Discourse

A

Phatic speech or phatic communication consists of words or phrases that have a social function and are not meant literally.
E.g When people are thanked, they often say You’re welcome in reply, and this is meant to show politeness and not to be interpreted as literally welcoming them.

Language and Creativity (2 decks)

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