Linguistic relativity

Question 1

Watson 1913

Answer 1

“Thoughts are a product of motor habits of the laynrx”– determinism.

Question 2

Slobin 96

Answer 2

Cognition only affected when using language; works by directing attention

Question 3

Carroll and cassagrande 1958

Answer 3

Assessed cognitive differences between eng and navaho ○ Nav grouped more by form than other things, english grouped on colour
○ Bilinguals, grouped by dominant language- problem as both are influencing
BUT When english mono – grouped more by form so not really relevant…

Question 4

Bloom et al:

Answer 4

○ Subjunctive mood: if I HAD gone to the park I WOULD have seen tiffin– if then thing
○ Chinese doesn’t have; SO found counter-factual reasoning hard
HOWEVER nameless critic said sentences bloom used were not accurate! It is possible but more complex in chinese

Question 5

studies relating to gender

Answer 5

vigliocco 05, cubelli 11, consta, sera 02

Question 6

Vigliocco 2005

Answer 6

○ Italian vs german
○ Similarity judgements and semantic substitution errors
○ Differed on their generalisation principles for gender entities

Question 7

Cubelli 11:

Answer 7

○ Words of same gram gender activate each other speeding access

Question 8

Consta

Answer 8

Bilingual italian-english speakers show the effect of gender respectively in both languages

Question 9

Sera 2002

Answer 9

Spanish and french assign masculine voice to inanimate objects because of gender

Question 10

Memory/problem solving studies:

Answer 10

Morris and mok 11, donca (candle box), hoffman 86

Question 11

Morris and Mok 11

Answer 11

• Asian and westerns have different preferences for categorisation
• Categorisation schemas were different due to culture: describe other people in different ways
• When bilingual dependent on priming to their schema

Question 12

Candle box task- donca

Answer 12

• Task to make thing that burns a candle to a wall

- Easiest to use box as support – take ages to do this because of association of box as a container not a supporter

Question 13

Hoffman 86

Answer 13

• Read descriptions of people and later describe in own words
  ○ Original descriptions read in chinese or english
  ○ Describe either stereotypical english or chinese personalities

Question 14

number studies

Answer 14

Gordon 04 (frank 08), Naveh-benjamin 86

Question 15

Gordon 04

Answer 15

• “one two many” in piraha tribe bad at maths problems compared English
  BUT Frank 2008; good at judging quantities
• Pica: Different tribe- numbers up to 5 can do more approximate so maybe do it differently
• Use spatial system rather than counting one?

Question 16

Naveh-Benjamin 96

Answer 16

• Welsh numbers have longer vowel sounds so take longer to say so bilingual do better in english than welsh
  ○ Phonological loop space= Physical properties language rather than the way its making you think.

Question 17

Colour studies:

Answer 17

winawer 07, thierry 09, brown and lenneberg 54, lantz 64,

Question 18

argument for innateness of colours

Answer 18

Prelinguistic children prefer colours that are mid-spectrum than at boundaries (bornstein)
Oztek- eye tracking: pre-ling, able to do categorical perception before labels; argue that colours are innate

Question 19

problems with colour evidence

Answer 19

• Berlin and kay 69- when formulating, tested on 19 bilinguals despite shown systematic differences
  ○ Michael: And findings of basic colours might be an artifact– naming criteria not good
  ○ Hickerson: inconsistently applied.
  SO any effect on colour for or against is specific to test design - hard to test.

Question 20

Winawer 07

Answer 20

Russian has more verbal distinctions for blue than english - Psycho-physical test – clear boundary for this where english didn’t as just have light/dark
- When used verbal interference to block language influence on cognition, it was less distinct for russians

Question 21

Brown and Lenneberg 54

Answer 21

Codable colours (simple names) are remembered better than less codable colours

Question 22

Lantz 64

Answer 22

Remember colours better if easier to describe (so if have label)

Question 23

Space and time encoding

Answer 23

Levenson, majil 04, boroditzky, chen 13, choi 99, pafagou

Question 24

Levenson

Answer 24

Dutch uses relative system; infront/behind/next to
Whereas Tzeltal uses absolute system (cardinal)
- Shown left or right facing arrow
- Which was rotated 180*
- Shown list of arrows and asked to pick original
○ Dutch: relatively same way
○ Tzeltal: absolutely same way

Question 25

Majil 04

Answer 25

absolute vs relative: oriented spoon/fork differently

Question 26

boroditzky

Answer 26

• English is horizontal time line
  
  • Mandarin is vertical-
    mandarin quicker to confirm order of months of year if vertical not horizontal

Question 27

chen 2013

Answer 27

• Strong or weak time references

- Strong do more long term behaviours eg saving money

Question 28

Choi 99

Answer 28

Language specific categories learnt by 18 months with koreans

Question 29

carruthers

Answer 29

Complex relationship but important- mental time is conducted in language and impact is unclear

Question 30

problems with ling rel studies?

Answer 30

Measuring problems, interpreting, bias, understanding, cross cultural, cultural norms

Question 31

Brown, thomas and goodman 1947:

Answer 31

can lose speech but not cognitive processes (eg from stroke)– fordor 83; language is modular