Linguistic Approach

Question 1

Symbolic

Answer 1

make use of arbitrary relation between sounds and meaning

use different words to refer to the same thing within the English language (dialects…i.e. soda/pop/coke)

Question 2

Discrete Infinity

generativity

Answer 2

a finite set of elements can generate a potentially infinite set of meanings

John hates cheese…add more meaning by adding more words

Question 3

Structure dependence

Answer 3

meaning is conferred through a specific arrangement of symbols

language is governed by rules that impart meaning and define which combinations of elements are acceptable and which are not

Question 4

Displacement

Answer 4

language allows referring to ideas/elements that are not “there”

language allows us to think of, and communicate about things beyond what is immediately sensed

Question 5

Organized at multiple levels

Answer 5

sounds, words, sentences, paragraphs, and text

Question 6

Referent

Answer 6

the actual object, action, or event in the world that a word refers to

Question 7

Levels of language representation

Answer 7

phoneme, morpheme, word, syntactic, discourse

Question 8

Phonemes

Answer 8

the smallest unit of speech that can be used to distinguish an utterance from another

in english, made of consonant or vowel

children appear to be sensitive to any set of phonemes at birth

Question 9

Phoneme cont.

Answer 9

produced by modulating the flow of air from lungs to mouth and nose

classified according to specific features (voicing, production, articulation)

Question 10

Voicing

Answer 10

whether vocal folds vibrate (z,d,b,v) or not (s,t,p,f)

Question 11

Manner of production

Answer 11

whether air is fully stopped (b,p,d,t) or merely restricted (z,s,v,f)

Question 12

Place of articulation

Answer 12

where in the mouth the air is restricted

closing of lips (b,p) top teeth against bottom (v,f) tongue behind upper teeth (d,t,z,s)

Question 13

coarticulation

Answer 13

the pronunciation of a phoneme is changed by the following phoneme

Question 14

Voice onset time

Answer 14

the time between the beginning of the pronunciation of the word and the onset of the vibration of the vocal chords

ba: vocal chords vibrate at start
pa: you vocal chords are delayed

Question 15

Categorical perception

Answer 15

categorization of phonemes shows abrupt boundaries even when there is no corresponding abrupt change in the stimuli themselves

Question 16

Morpheme

Answer 16

smallest unit of meaning within a language

can be divided into root words and affixes (prefix, suffix)

Question 17

Syntax

Answer 17

the systematic way in which words can be combined and sequenced to generate meaningful phrases and sentences

Rules apply to grammatical categories

Question 18

Phrase-structure Rule

Answer 18

constraint that governs the pattern of branching in a phase-structure tree

a sentence must contain a noun phrase and a verb phrase

Question 19

transformational grammar

Answer 19

a sentence can be rearranged to express new meanings

jesse drank a cup of coffee.
the cup of coffee was drunk by jesse.

Question 20

garden-path sentence

Answer 20

initially suggests one interpretation, which turns out to be wrong

Fat people eat accumulates.
The man whistling tunes pianos.

Question 21

Extralinguistic context

Answer 21

factors outside the language itself

“put the apple on the towel into the box”

Question 22

Prosody

Answer 22

the patterns of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production

Used to emphasize elements of a sentence, highlight the sentence’s intended structure, signal the difference between a question and an assertion

Question 23

Language in the Brain

Answer 23

Arcuate fasciculus is a fiber bundle that connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Broca’s area: left ventral frontal cortex

Wernicke’s area: posterior part of temporal lobe

Question 24

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 24

Patient Tan unable to say anything besides the word Tan. Articulation potential was there, but ability to create sequences was absent.

Question 25

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 25

damage in wernicke’s area
could speak fluently, articulately, but didn’t understand what was being said. Normal rate of speaking but severely impaired comprehension

comprehension deficit

Question 26

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 26

halting speech
repeat phrases, words
disordered syntax
disordered grammar
comprehension INTACT

Question 27

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 27

fluent speech
little spontaneous repetition
syntax/grammar adequate
contrived or inappropriate words
comprehension NOT INTACT