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Ling Exam Flashcards

1
Q

how are humans specialized for language

A
  • overbite for fricatives
  • jaw structure evolved overtime
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2
Q

linguistic competence

A

Innate knowledge that a native speaker attains, which enables them to judge implicitly whether certain utterances are acceptable or not

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3
Q

universality

A

there are many principles and properties that are shared among languages

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4
Q

mutability

A

all grammars have and continue to change over time (evolve)

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5
Q

the brain

A

Broca’s area: production of speech
motor cortex: controls the movement of muscles
- close to each other, signal does not have to travel far

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6
Q

proposition

A

describes the location or a position
ex. across, inside, around

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7
Q

inflection

A

the process of changing the form of a word to indicate grammatical categories like tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case

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8
Q

morphology

A

the study of the formation of words

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9
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

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10
Q

root

A

the core of the word, no affixes

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11
Q

stem/ base

A

complex, consists of of one or more roots and derivational affixes

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12
Q

inflectional morpheme

A

grammatical function

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13
Q

derivational morpheme

A

adds meaning (changes syntactical category)

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14
Q

subject-verb agreement

A

the person and number of a verb are those modification in which it agrees with its subject

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15
Q

allomorphs

A

variations of the same word seen in different environments
ex. a and an

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16
Q

tense

A

grammatical category (past, present, future) that provides information about the time of an event’s occurrence

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17
Q

aspect

A

the properties of an event or situation denoted by the verb phrase (context)

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18
Q

aspectual verbs

A

verbs that help indicate that an action is ongoing or complete such as, continue to dance; stop driving

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19
Q

person

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd person

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20
Q

number

A

singular and plural (countable quantities)

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21
Q

Perfective

A

verb tenses or markers used to indicate a one-time, completed action or unit of time. There is an aspect of a point in time. (past, present or future)

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22
Q

imperfective

A

verb tenses or markers used to indicate actions that are incomplete, ongoing or habitual (happens routinely). There is an aspect of flow of time

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23
Q

agreement

A

a grammatical rule that states that words in a sentence must align in number, gender, or person.

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24
Q

definiteness

A

a semantic feature that distinguishes between noun phrases that are identifiable in a given context and those that are not.

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25
concrete nouns
things we can touch (table furniture)
26
abstract nouns
things we can't touch (idea, peace)
27
common noun
a word that refers to a general, unspecified person, place, thing, or idea (car, idea)
28
proper nouns
name of a place or person (London, Susan)
29
countable nouns
table, ideas
30
uncountable nouns
furniture, peace
31
mass nouns
milk, sugar
32
back formation
a linguistic process that involves creating a new word by removing or changing the end of an existing word ex. examination > exam
33
coinage
creation of a new word through sources like commercial products ex. kleenex
34
conversion
a word is assigned to a new word class without any change in form ex. host (noun and verb)
35
borrowing
words which can originated in one language are now used in another ex. vinum (Latin) > vin (French)
36
compounding
two or more words are joined together ex. underground
37
blending
joining the beginning of one word and the end of another ex. brunch
38
clipping
shortening a longer word ex. hippo
39
derivation
creating a word by adding affixes to the original word ex. help > helpless
40
reduplication
repeating an entire word
41
partial reduplication
repeating part of a word
42
suppletion
a change in grammatical category, changes the form of the word ex. go > went
43
partial suppletion
part of the word form changes ex. teach > taught
44
internal change
the form changes inside the word ex. goose > geese
45
comparative
compared to another (-er)
46
superalitive
compared to more than one (-est)
47
alternation
when part of the word is pronounced differently because of the surrounding word elements ex. thief > thieves
48
assimilation
neighbouring sounds influence each other so that they are pronounced more similarly ex. bank (k becomes nasalized because of the n)
49
dissimilation
alteration of a sound within a word to make it less similar to another adjacent or nearby sound ex. February (drop the r)
50
spoonerisms
switching parts of two words in a phrase ex. jelly beans and belly jeans
51
phonology
the study of sound patterns in a language
52
phonetics
the study and classification of speech sounds in a language
53
phoneme
distinctive sounds that allow us to distinguish between different words - minimal pairs (same environment) ex. pad, bad, mad
54
allophones
variations of a sound that do not result in a change in meaning - complementary distribution (different environment) ex. top and stop (aspirated t)
55
phonotactics
describes the possible combinations of sounds in a specific language
56
repair strategy
when words don't fit the phonotactic constraint, the speaker will repair it for ease of articulation
57
vowel harmony
vowels within a domain adjust to share one or more phonological features such as height or rounding
58
elision
the omission of sounds, syllables or words ex. I don't know > I dunno
59
epenthesis
the insertion of a segement ex. warmth > warmpth
60
metathesis
the transportation of sounds or syllables in a word ex. jewelry
61
grammar
allows humans to form and interpret words and sentences in their language (system, structure and rules)
62
predicate
verb phrase
63
auxiliary verb
specifies the verb non-modal: will can should modal: be, have, do
64
degree word
describes a measure of adj or P ex. very, to, almost
65
quantifier
describes the quality of N ex. some, many, a few
66
complementizer
connects complement clauses to a matrix clauses ex. that, if, for
67
preposition
before it's complement ex. in, under, above
68
postposition
after it's complement ex. ago, notwithstanding
69
intransitive
verbs used without an object ex. sleep, smile, walk
70
transitive
verbs used with an object ex. see, eat, read
71
collocations
some syntactic categories are often found side by side ex. det and nouns
72
possession
on constituent owns/ rules another ex. my, your, his
73
person deictic
first, second, third, inclusive, exclusive
74
spatial deictic
descriptions of objects and their relation in space ex. here, there, that
75
temporal deictic
the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance ex. now, then, later
76
associative
a grammatical category that expresses "x" and the group (of one or more members) associated with "x" where x is nominal, usually a person ex. Susan and her colleagues
77
benefactive
one constituent receives the benefit of the situation in the clause ex. she opened the door for Tom
78
genitive
an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun ex. Mary's book is about the men of Rome
79
locative
indicates a location ex. the book is on the table
80
ergative
the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb
81
absolutive
the case is used to mark both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb
82
nominative
generally marks the subject of a verb
83
accusative
the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb
84
dative
the recipient or beneficiary of an action, typically a given action
85
phrase
consists of one or more words (obligatory head and optional specifier and/or complements) ex. the man
86
clause
consists of one or more phrases (subject and a predicate, with any objects) ex. the man laughed
87
sentence
consists of one or more clauses ex. the man laughed because the joke was funny
88
main clause
would form a complete sentence by itself
89
matrix clause
contains a subordinate clause and determines the central situation of a sentence
90
subordinate clause
a clause that cannot stand alone and adds information to a sentence
91
embedded clause
a type of subordinate clause placed within the main clause, cannot stand alone
92
recursive embedded clause
the sentence is expressed by using a clause embedded in a clause, embedded within another clause
93
complement clause
a subordinate clause that functions as the subject or object of a verb, thereby completing the sentence
94
relative clause
has a subject and verb, can't stand alone, gives more information about a noun
95
transformations
a syntactic rule that can move an element from one position to another
96
simple sentences
one independent/ main clause
97
compound sentence
two coordinated independent clauses, joined together by a conjunction
98
complex sentence
main clause + subordinate clause(s) (while, since, if)
99
infinitive
a form of the verb that is typically used together with another verb in many languages ex. I can read

Linguistics (1 decks)

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