Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mensuration & Physics > Lines of Mensuration > Flashcards

Lines of Mensuration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Basilar angle:
Frontal-nasal to sella turcica (1)
Anterior foramen magnum to sella turcica (2)
Measure angle of intersection

A

Should not exceed 152 degrees (minimum 137 degrees)

Significance: high angle indicates elevation of skull base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chamberlain line:

Posterior hard palate to foramen magnum (opisthion)

A

Tips of dens should not exceed 7mm above line

Significance: basilar invagination/impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
Digastric line (aka biventer line):
Straight line from right to left digastric grooves
A

Tip of dens should not be above line
Normal range: 10-12mm
Significance: basilar invagination/impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

McGregor line:

Posterior hard palate to inferior occiput

A

Dens should not exceed 8mm above line (men) or 10mm above line (women)
Significance: basilar invagination/impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

McRae line:
Basion to opisthion (1)
Vertical line from tip of dens to first line (2)

A

Posterior occiput should be below line (1)
line (2) should intersect the anterior 1/4 of line (1)
Significance: basilar invagination/impression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The sella turcica should not exceed what dimensions?

A

Maximum of 16mm horizontal and 12mm deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The “atlantoaxial overhang” sign suggests what and which view is it seen on?

A

Suggests fracture of C1, seen on APOM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The atlanto-dental interval (ADI) should not exceed what measurement?

A

Maximum of 3mm in adults and 5mm in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

An enlarged ADI can be associated with the following conditions

A 
Down syndrome
Morquio syndrome
Larsen syndrome 
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Ankylosing spondylitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cervical gravity line:

Vertical line from tips of dens to C7

A

The line should intersect vertebral body C7

Significance: anterior/posterior weight-bearing posture if the line intersects anterior/posterior to vertebral body C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cervical Jackson stress lines:
Measured on flexion/extension films
One line along posterior body of C2 (1)
One line along posterior body of C7(2)

A

Lines should intersect at C4-5 (extension) and C5-6 (flexion)
Significance: intersection of lines is believed to occur at levels of greatest stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the average degree of cervical lordosis?

A

34 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal measurement of cervical prevertebral soft tissues?

A

Should not exceed 5mm at C2

Should not exceed 20mm at C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal size of the spinal canal in the cervical spine?

A 
Measured between the posterior vertebral body to the spinolaminar junction line
At least 16mm at C1
At least 14mm at C2
At least 13mm at C3
At least 12mm at C4-C7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

George’s line is drawn along what part of the vertebral bodies?

A

Along the posterior vertebral bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the minimum size of the A-P diameter of the thoracic cage?

A

From the posterior surface of the sternum to the anterior margin of T8
9cm in females
11cm in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the average degree of thoracic kyphosis?

A

30 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the average intervertebral disc angle at L4-5 and L5-S1?

A

14 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The lumbar gravity line:

Vertical line from the middle of vertebral body L3 to the sacrum

A

The line should intersect the anterior 1/3 of the sacral base
Anterior weight-bearing: increases shear stress on lumbar discs
Posterior weight-bearing: increases stress on facet joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the average degree of lumbar lordosis?

A

50-60 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Meyerding grading method for spondylolisthesis is applicable to which segment?

A

L5 on S1 slippage

22
Q

What is the average degree of the sacral base?

A

53 degrees

23
Q

Ulmann line:
Line along the sacral base (1)
Second line drawn perpendicular to the first, anterior to the sacrum (2)

A

L5 vertebra is found posterior to the perpendicular line

Significance: if L5 crosses perpendicular line, spondylolisthesis may be present

24
Q

What is the average size of the acromioclavicular joint space?

A

3mm
Enlarged: fracture, ligament tears, bone resorption
Diminished: degeneration

25
Q

What is the average size of the acromiohumeral space?

A

10mm
Enlarged: joint effusion, paralysis
Diminished: superior shoulder displacement, impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tendinopathy

26
Q

What is the average size of the glenohumeral joint space?

A

5mm
Enlarged: joint effusion, acromegaly, posterior humeral dislocation
Diminished: degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis

27
Q

Anterior humeral line:

On lateral projection, line drawn along anterior humeral cortex

A

Line should intersect the middle 1/3 of capitellum

Significance: fracture

28
Q

Radiocapitellar line:

On lateral projection, line drawn through center of radisu along the long axis of bone

A

Should intersect the elbow joint and capitellum

29
Q

“Capitolunate” sign:
On lateral projection, line drawn through the long axis of capitate (1)
Second line drawn through long axis of lunate (2)

A

Angle of intersection should be less than 20 degrees

Significance: carpal instability if angle exceeds 20 degrees

30
Q

“Metacarpal” sign

Drawn on PA hand projection, an oblique line along distal articulating surface of 4th and 5th metacarpals

A

Line should intersect distal articulating surface of the 3rd metacarpal
Significance: abnormally short 4th metacarpal is associated with Turner syndrome

31
Q 
Radiolunate angle (aka lunate tilt):
On lateral projection, line drawn along long axis of radius (1)
Second line drawn along long axis of lunate)
A

2 lines should be parallel to each other

32
Q

What condition is associated with a negative ulnar variance?

A

AVN of the lunate (aka Keinboch disease)
Greater carpal stress distribution to the radius
Ulnar impingement syndrome

33
Q

What condition is associated with a positive ulnar variance?

A

Ulnar impaction syndrome
Ulnar abutment syndrome
Greater carpal stress distribution to the ulna

34
Q 
Scapholunate angle (aka scaphoid tilt):
On lateral projection, line drawn along long axis of scaphoid (1)
Second line drawn along long axis of lunate (2)
A

Angle of intersection average at 47 degrees (normal range between 32-62 degrees)

35
Q

Kohler (aka acetabular protrusio) line:

2 lines drawn along the lateral border of the obturator foreman and into the iliac wing

A

Floor of the acetabulum should not extend medially to this line
Significance: acetabuli protrusio

36
Q

What are some common causes of acetabuli protrusio?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Paget disease
Osteomalacia
Osteogenesis imperfecta

37
Q

Femoral neck angle:
Vertical line drawn through the femoral shaft (1)
Second line drawn through center of femoral neck (2)

A

Average angle of intersecting lines is 124 degrees (normal range 110-130 degrees)

38
Q

What is the acceptable measurement of the hip joint space?

A

6mm superiorly
7mm axially
13mm medially

39
Q

Iliofemoral line:

One smooth curvilinear line from the lateral femoral neck to the lateral border of the ilium

A

Disruption of the smooth line: hip dislocation, femoral neck fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis

40
Q

Klein (femoral epiphysis) line:

Line drawn along the outer cortex of the femoral neck

A

Should intersect the femoral capital epiphysis

Significance: if femoral capital epiphysis is found medial to the line, suggests slipped capital femoral epiphysis

41
Q

Shenton hip line:

A smooth curvilinear line drawn along the medial femoral neck and along the superior obturator foramen

A

Disruption of the smooth line: hip dislocation, femoral neck fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis

42
Q

Skinner (aka femoral angle) line:
A line drawn through the long axis of the femur (1)
A second line drawn perpendicular to that (2)

A

The fovea captitis should be found above the second line

Significance: if fovea capitis is below that line, bone softening conditions are suspected

43
Q

Teardrop distance:

Distance between the most medial portion of the femoral head and most lateral portion of the inner acetabulum

A

Should not exceed 11mm or a difference of more than 2mm between each side

44
Q

Presacral space:

On the lateral projection, the space between the anterior sacral cortex and posterior margin of the rectal gas

A

Should not exceed 2cm in adults and 5mm in children

Significance: enlarged presacral space suggests expansile lesions, soft tissue masses, sacral abnormalities

45
Q

Symphysis pubis:

Measured on the AP projection

A

Should not exceed 6mm in women and 7mm in men

Significance: widened space suggests cranial dysostosis, trauma, hyperparathyroidism, bladder exstrophy

46
Q

Lateral patellofemoral angle:
A line along the femoral condyles (1)
A second line along the lateral margin of patella (2)

A

The angle of the intersecting lines should open laterally

Significance: if lines are parallel or opens medially, recurrent patellar subluxation is likely

47
Q

Patellar displacement:
On the lateral knee projection, one line drawn along the posterior superior patella to the anterior inferior corner (1)
Second line from the inferior pole to the tibial tubercle (2)

A

The ratio between the 2 lines should be 1:1
Patella alta: seen in trauma, chondromalacia patella
Patella baja: seen in achondroplasia, polio, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

48
Q

Patellar sulcus:
One line along the medial femoral condyle (1)
One line along the lateral femoral condyle (2)

A

The angle at the intercondylar notch averages at 138 degrees (normal range 126-150)

49
Q

Boehler angle:

2 lines drawn along the superior margin of the calcaneus

A

If the angle is smaller than 28 degrees, suggests calcaneal fracture or calcaneal dysplasia

50
Q

First metatarsal angle:
Line drawn through the long axis of the 1st metatarsal (1)
Second line drawn along the long axis of the proximal 1st phalanx (2)

A

Normal angle is less than 15 degrees

Significance: increased angle indicates hallux valgus deformity

51
Q

Heel pad measurement:

Measured on the non-weight bearing lateral foot/calceanus view, soft tissues inferior to the calcaneus

A

Should not exceed 23mm in female and 25mm in males

Increased thickness: acromegaly, obesity, edema

52
Q

Meary angle:
On the lateral foot projection, one line drawn along long axis of the 1st metatarsal (1)
Second line drawn along the long axis of the talus (2)

A

The 2 lines should be parallel

Significance: any angle indicates forefoot cavus deformity

Mensuration & Physics (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions