Limpic system Flashcards
Limbic system include
H - homeostatic, including autonomic and neuroendocrine control
O - olfactory
M - memory
E - emotion and drives
What is the pathway of olfactory information from the nasal cavity to the brain
Olfactory receptors send impulses through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb → then through the olfactory tract → to the primary olfactory cortex, amygdala, and olfactory tubercle.
What is the function of the olfactory tubercle in the brain?
It may be important for the emotional and motivational aspects of smell processing.
Types of memory
Working
Declarative
Procedural
What is the function of working memory?
Short-term storage
Handle goal-relevant information
what cognitive abilities depend on working memory?
- language
- Problem solving
- Mental way-finding
- Reasoning
- Complex mental multi-tasking
- Cognition
hich brain areas are involved in working memory
Lateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal association cortex, and white matter tracts connect these areas
What brain regions are involved in encoding declarative memory?
Begin in the thalamus, processes input through the temporoparietal association cortex (TPAC), and encodes it into the medial temporal lobe (MTL),
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) includes ?
Hippocampus
Part of fornix
Parahippocampal gyrus
What is the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in declarative memory?
- Voluntary control over medial temp lobe in helping to organize info for storage
- Accesses stored information
- Analyzes language
- Verify memories during retrieval
How does the brain’s involvement in memory recall change with age?
< 12 yrs – medial temporal lobe
13 yrs + - prefrontal, parietal, lateral temporal cortices
What are the two types of declarative memory and how do they diffe
Episodic memory involves personal events and experiences.
Semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts not tied to personal experience.
What is procedural memory and what types of functions does it include?
called implicit or nonconscious memory includes:
Learned skills or habits
Reasoning and logic
Perceptual skills
What are two key characteristics of procedural memory?
Requires practice for memory storage.
Once a skill is learned, less attention is needed to perform.
What are the three stages of motor learning in procedural memory?
Cognitive – learning and understanding the task
Associative – refining the movement through practice
Automatic – performing the task with little conscious effort
What brain regions are involved in motor sequence learning and adjustment?
Motor and parietal cortices and the striatum (for learning)
Supplemental motor area, putamen, and globus pallidus (store movement sequences)
Cerebellum, motor cortex, and parietal cortex (for adjusting movements)
What are the two main types of amnesia (lose of declarative memory) and how do they differ
Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memories before the illness or injury.
Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories after the illness or injury. Includes post-traumatic amnesia (PTA).
What temporal aspects of memory are assessed during cognitive screens like MMSE or MOCA
Immediate recall (encoding/registration)
Attention and working memory
Recent memory (few minutes – short-term memory)
Remote memory (long-term memory)
What are the four components of goal-directed behavior?
- Making a goal
- Making a plan to reach the goal
- Executing the plan
- Monitor how the plan is working out
What role does the lateral prefrontal cortex play in goal-directed behavior?
Coordinates working memory, planning, judgment, reasoning, sequencing, and divided attention
Inhibits inappropriate behaviors
Formulates alternatives and possibilities
Participates in the goal-directed behavior loop
How do emotions differ from mood?
Emotion is a short-term subjective experience.
Mood is a longer-lasting, ongoing emotional state.
What are six brain structures involved in emotional processing?
Amygdala
Area 25
Anterior insula
Medial prefrontal cortex
Ventral striatum
Thalamus
What are the main emotional functions of the amygdala?
- Fear + disgust
- Interpret social signal
- Social behavior and emotional learning
- Decision making
What emotional role do Area 25 and the thalamus play?
Produce sadness + depression
What is the function of the anterior insula in emotion?
- Awareness of feeling
- Internal stimuli
What is the role of the emotion loop and its structures?
Medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, thalamus,
Play a role in motivation and addiction
What is automatic emotion regulation?
Subconscious, ignoring, leaving
What is voluntary emotion regulation?
Conscious, controllable
What areas does the ventral prefrontal cortex include? what are its functions in social behavior?
a) orbital cortex (ventromedial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex)
b) Connect mood and affect center
- Steer behavior
- Inhibit undesirable behavior
- Active ANS
What structures are involved in the social behavior loop and what are its functions?
a) Ventral prefrontal cortex
- Caudate
- Substantia nigra
- Thalamus
b) detect between relevant/Irrelevant info
- regulate self-control
- Understand social disapproval
What brain structures are required for emotional and social intelligence?
Ventral premotor cortex
, amygdala, and anterior insula
What three body systems contribute to the stress response and how do they react?
- Somatic sys - increase muscle tension
- Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic induce blood flow to muscle and reduce blood flow to GI tract + kidney + skin
- Neuroendocrine sys - sympathetic sys cause adrenal medulla release EPI –> increase HR, BP, metabolic rate + decrease smooth muscle contraction
What determines whether homeostasis returns after a stress response?
Circumstances persist
or/ and person’s thinking pattern
Is it true that stress respond can be either healthy or unhealthy?
True
How do disorders of the limbic system affect goal-directed behavior and insight?
- Difficulty to initiate and follow through
- Appear uncooperative/ noncompliant
- Apathy, lack of emotion
What is emotional lability or labile affect? *
- Uncontrollable laughing and crying w/ or w/o relating to emotion
What are the social behavior impairments seen in limbic system dysfunction
- Impulsivity
- Risky behavior
- NO empathy, embarrassment, and guilt
- Don’t learn from social mistakes
What are common signs and symptoms of limbic system disorders?
- Delusion
- Hallucinations
- Mania
- Depression
- Anxiety
Some spychiatric disorder
- personality
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Autism
- Bipolar
-Schizophrenia
What brain region is associated with extraversion?
Ventral prefrontal cortex
What brain regions are associated with neuroticism?
- amygdala, cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus
What brain areas are involved in agreeableness?
Temporoparietal association cortex, cingulate cortex
What brain region is linked to conscientiousness?
Lateral prefrontal cortex
What is intellect ?
Ability to develop concept and reason, which involve memory and mental experience
Trisomy 21?
Down’s syndrome
Dementia ?
Neurodegenerative mental condition, that reduce intellect, memory, orientation, and judgement
