Limitations Flashcards
Max ramp weight
19,595kg
MTOW
19,505kg
MCTOW & MLW may be REDUCED by performance requirements (AFM Section 5)
MLW
19,051kg
MZFW
17,917kg
Cargo compartment weights
1A - 385kg
1B - 454kg
2A - 227kg
2B - 227kg
3 - 181kg
Max total baggage compartment weight
1134kg
CG limits
Up to 13,608kg
15%mac / 391.2inch / 9937mm TO 40%mac / 412.57in / 10,479mm
13,608 - 19,505kg
varies linearly 15% - 21.5%mac / 391.2 - 396.75in / 9937 - 10,065mm TO 40%mac / 412.57in / 10,479mm
Load limits
ie limits AOB in turns & pull up /down manoeuvres
Flaps up +2.5g, -1g
Flaps extended +2g, 0g
Max lateral asymmetry
Max fuel imbalance between main fuel tank contents = 272kg
Max operating altitude
25,000ft AMSL
Max operating altitude for take off & landing
10,000ft AMSL
Max altitude for extending gear or flap
15,000ft AMSL
Max runway slope approved for take off & landing
+2% (uphill)
-2% (downhill)
Max TWC for take off & landing
( Tail wind comp measured 10m above runway )
Max 10kt
Or 20kt with limitations (for Air Nelson)
Max XWC for take off & landing
( XWC measured 10m above runway )
36kts XWC approved on a hard, dry runway
Ambient temperature limits (flight & ground)
-54C
TO
+48.9C or ISA+35C (whichever lower)
Airspeed limitations , when do they apply ?
To all weights up to 19,500kg unless otherwise stated
Vmo
Max operating speed , must not exceed in any phase or flight. Vmo varies linearly with altitude
0 to 17,000ft - 243kt
20,000ft - 232kt
25,000ft - 214kt
Vfe
Flaps extended speed
Flaps 5 - 163kt
Flaps 10 - 154kt
Flaps 15 - 150kt
Flaps 35 - 138kt
Rapid/large control inputs may result in structural flap failure at any speed (including below Va)
Va
Manoeuvring speed
Full abrupt control inputs above Va risk structural damage
177kt
Vlo
Landing gear operating speed
163kt
Max speed it is safe to extend or retract gear
Vle
Landing gear extended speed
173kt
Max speed aircraft can be flown with gear extended
Vra
Rough airspeed
190kt
Max speed for flight in severe turbulence
Alternate Gear Extension Speed
140kts
Under this mode of extension , speed is limited because all wheel well doors remain open after gear is fully down
Max tyre speed (ground speed)
165kt
Power is set using
Torque , %
Condition lever
Sets RPM
RPM you set depends on the phase of flight
RPM settings (ie Condition lever setting)
Ground & take off - condition lever (rpm) max, 1212rpm
Climb - condition lever 1050rpm
Cruise - condition levers min, 900rpm
Prevalent power limits
Typically limited by Torque at low altitude
As you climb (density & temp decreases) you start becoming limited by ITT
Practically , engine is monitored by
Looking at Torque , RPM and ITT.
Other engine limits must still be know though for non normal operations
MTOP time limit
5mins
MTOP torque Tq limit
105.6%, for max 5mins
NTOP, normal take off power, static Tq limit
Static limit - 92%
NTOP limit includes a 2% increase to maintain the intended Tq following the power setting transient.
In flight limit - 90%
Max continuous Tq (%)
Max Tq 90% for 1200Np
Max Tq 96% for 1125Np or lower
Max reverse Tq %
90%
Max altitude for air start engine
20,000ft
Engine ambient temperature limits
-54C
to
+48.9C or isa+35C (the lesser)
MTOP ITT limit
800C
Note, MTOP limited to 5min
NTOP ITT limit
765C
NTOP ITT limit can be exceeded by 5C for 30sec max
ITT start temperature limits
900 - 950C for max 5secs
840 - 900C for max 12secs
Transient ITT limit 840C for 20secs
Transient Tq limit
115%
Np (prop rpm)
MTOP NTOP Max continuous Transient Max reverse
MTOP - 1212rpm
NTOP - 1212rpm
Max cont @ 90% - 1212rpm
@ 96% - 1125rpm
Transient - 1320rpm
Reverse - 1212rpmOil pressure limits
Normal pressure 55 - 65psid
Oil pressure 40 - 55psid is allowed at engine speeds below 75% Nh
With the exception of spool up during engine start, oil pressure BELOW 40psi required engine shut down
Oil pressure starting limit - 200psi
Min flight idle Nh
66%
Oil temperature limits
Normal 45 - 115C
Temp of 115 - 125C is time limited to 20mins
For adequate inlet splitter anti ice min oil temp 45C required
Before unfeathering prop or for power settings above flight idle , min oil temp of 0C required
Nh nl not on brainscape
X
Fuel grade approved
Fuels confirming to ASTM D1655 jet A1 approved
Mixing of fuels is permitted
Max concentration of fuel system ice inhibitor allowed
0.15% max ice inhibitor in fuel
Useable fuel tank capacity , each tank
1287kg
Fuel system tips
When fuel indicators read 0, fuel remaining in tanks is unuseable
Tank 1 & 2 aux fuel pumps must be on for take off and landing
If fuel heater outlet indication is below 11C or above 57C , aux fuel pumps can’t be used
Propeller
Hamilton standard
14SF-15 or 14SF-23
Engine model
Pratt & Whitney
PW123 (standard equipment)
PW123B or PW123E
Starter cranking time limits
Start 1 = max 1 min on, followed by 2 min off
Start 2 = max 1 min on, then 2 min off
Start 3 = max 1 min on, then 30min off
Engine start tailwind limits
GPU assisted start - max 35kt TW
APU or cross generator assisted start - max 20kt TW
Battery start - no tailwind
Ground operations engine limitations
Max ground torque 92.5%
Max torque with propeller feathered 48%
Min Mh is 66%
Propeller continuous operation between 500 and 780rpm is prohibited
Extended operation with prop rpm in excess of 780rpm must only be carried out with direct headwind
Engine airborne power limitations
In flight operation of power levers aft of FLT IDLE gate is prohibited
(This will cause prop overspeed , possible engine failure , loss of control of aircraft)
Electrical limits.
DC Generators max load meter reading ground & flight
Ground operation - max load meter reading 0.7. DC generator Load meter can exceed this for up to 1 min for internal battery starts
Flight operation - max load meter 1.0
Electrical limits.
Max load meter reading L & R TRU
Ground operations - 1.0
Flight operations - 1.0
Electrical limits.
AC generators max load meter readings for
- Ground op up to 10C oat
- Ground op at or above 10C oat
- Flight op
- Max AC loadmeter reading ground 10C is 1.0
- Max AC load reading ground at or more than 10C is 0.33
- Max AC load reading flight operation 1.0
Electrical limits.
Max load meter reading inverters
1.0 for ground and flight operations
Air Con & Pressurisation
Normal cabin pressure differential limit
5.5 +/- 0.3psi
Air Con & Pressurisation
Maximum cabin pressure differential limit
5.95psi
Air Con & Pressurisation
Max cabin pressure differential limit for taxi take off landing
0.5psi
Air Con & Pressurisation
Bleed air operation
Bleed air must be off for take off and landing
BUT AFM supplement 21 approves bleed air on for landing
Wheel brake cooling limits
Brake cooling times (AFM sec 5.12) between landing or RTO and next take off ,
This ensures sufficient brake energy is available for subsequent take off if it was rejected
Icing
Ice conditions
Icing conditions exist when
- SAT on ground and for take off is 10C or less
- SAT in flight 5C or less & any form of visible moisture is present (cloud, rain, snow, ice)
- SAT on ground and for take off is 10C or less if operating on taxiway/runway/stand where surface water or snow or ice may be ingested into engine or freeze in nacelles/probes/engine
Icing
Engine intake bypass doors
Engine intake bypass doors must be open & engine ignition switch on AUTO for engine operation in icing conditions
Icing
Airframe
When ice is detected , AIRFRAME AUTO switch must be positioned FAST or SLOW
AFCS
Automatic flight control system
AFCS is approved for cat II operations iaw supplement 16. But cannot fly to cat II approach minima on AFCS
AFCS rules
- During autopilot operation , pilot must be seated with harness on
- Autopilot must not be manually overpowered
- On approach , autopilot must be disengaged at or above 200’ above runway elevation. MUST BE DISENGAGED AT/ABOVE 1000’agl
- No autopilot approaches to be done with OEI
- Autopilot must be disengaged in severe icing
- Autopilot back course approaches not permitted
AFCS & flight director approaches
AFCS & FD only approaches are approved for glideslope angles 2.5-4deg
Glideslope angles greater than 3deg are approved for approach flap 15 Only
AFCS APP mode not permitted when
- Flaps 35
- Flaps 5 and autopilot engaged below 1500’ AGL
- Flaps 0 and autopilot engaged below 500’ AGL
AFCS mode rules
Use of VOR without associated DME is not permitted in NAV and APP mode
AFCS
Min height engage after take off or go around
1000’ agl
FMS System name
UNS-1Ew
FMS software part number
SCN 1000.8 must be installed & verified before using the FMS for navigation
In dual FMS configuration , the same software version must be installed in each FMS
FMS
VNAV cannot be used when
VNAV is prohibited when either TRM is not displayed when in Terminal mode
VNAV prohibited if APP is not displayed when FMS is in approach mode
FMS
APP not displayed on approach
Approach must not be commenced or continued if APP is not displayed
FMS
Using stored flight plans/approaches/waypoints
Old/stored flight plans/app/waypoints must be verified (each waypoint) before use
FMS
GPS INTEG light illuminated
If gps info isn’t adequate for navigation (GPS INTEG) & FMS is used as the primary source of navigation…
Use of both EHSIs in MAP mode is prohibited
FMS
Altimetry
Pilot & copilot altimeters must be the primary altitude reference for all VNAV operations
VNAV prohibited if altimeter has QFE set
FMS
GPS Instrument approaches
Instrument approaches must be done in APP mode for GPS approaches
RAIM must be available at FAF
FMS
ILS
FMS based ILS, LOC, LOC-BC & MLS approaches are prohibited
FMS
VNAV vertical path limits
Enroute & terminal , VNAV vertical path angles greater than 6deg
&
In APP mode, very path angles greater than 4deg
are prohibited
FMS
Changing temperature compensation factor
After input or change of temperature in the temp compensation factor,
manually entered VNAV altitude constraints must be re-entered
FMS
P-RNAV operations
P-RNAV operations may only be conducted if FMS is in TERM mode
FMS
Database expired checks
If FMS database is expired, unless the pilot verified the waypoints with ifr charts , ifr TERM and EN—-ROUTE navigation is prohibited
FMS
Database expired
If FMS database is expired , approach navigation is prohibited
FMS
POSITION UNCERTAIN message
FMS must not be used for navigation guidance if POSITION UNCERTAIN is displayed on CDU
FMS
Flight above 73deg N or below 60deg S latitudes using FMS
Flight above/below these latitudes with FMS may only be conducted of magnetic variation is manually input to FMS or an alternate true heading source is used and no manual variation is input
FMS
Fuel display
Indications are advisory only , not to be used for computing fuel load & range
FMS
FMS use for approach guidance
FMS only used for approach guidance if that instrument approach reference coordinate data system is WGS84 or NAD83
FMS
Use of pilot defined approaches
Is prohibited in IMC
FMS
VNAV disconnect
If altitudes are manually entered before or after the temperature compensation function is activated , it may produce VNAV paths with climb segments that result in VNAV disconnect
FMS
RAIM and alternative navaids
If no SBAS coverage or SBAS failed , and using GPS to navigate ,
aircraft must have approved navaids appropriate to the route so as to provide alternate means of navigation
FMS
LPB and LNAV/VNAV SBAS level of service (LOS) approaches are prohibited
X
