Limbs Flashcards
What are the veins of the lower limbs and where are they situated?
In the superficial fascia; greater (long) saphenous vein, lesser (short) saphenous vein
What are the fascia of the lower limbs?
Fascia lata, popliteal fascia, crural fascia, plantar fascia
What are the six main nerves of the lower limb?
- Superior gluteal
- Inferior gluteal
- Femoral
- Obturator
Sciatic: - Tibial
- Common fibular (common peroneal): superficial fibular and deep fibular
What does the saphenous vein empty into?
Femoral vein, in deep fascia of the groin (cribriform opening)
What are the 5 longitudinal bundles of the foot connected by?
transverse metatarsal ligaments
How do the intramuscular septa divide the thigh?
Anterior compartment: knee extensors (quadriceps femoris, femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Adductor/medial compartment: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
Posterior compartment: flexors of the knee, but mainly extend the hip joint (hamstrings), sciatic nerve
Which muscles are responsible for inversion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior (anterior compartment) and tibialis posterior (posterior compartment)
Which muscles are responsible for eversion of the foot?
Lateral compartment muscles + extra anterior muscle
How is the lower leg divided?
Anterior compartment: deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Lateral compartment: superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Posterior compartment: tibial nerve (6 muscle: 3 deep (flexion of the digits) and 3 superficial (plantar flexion)
What is the biggest nerve in the body?
Tibial nerve
What is the main arterial supply of the hip joint?
Profunda femoris (from femoral artery which comes from external iliac)
What is the arterial supply to the lower leg?
Popliteal artery divides into: anterior tibial (–> dorsal pedis –> arcuate arteries), posterior tibial and peroneal (fibular) artery
What is the osteology of the hip joint?
Acetabulum: lunate surface + acetabular fossa + acetabular notch + acetabular labrum + transverse acetabular ligament (forms acetabular foramen)
Head of the femur contains fovea –> non-articular
What is the importance of the inter-trochanteric line and the trochanteric fossa?
Inter-trochanteric line: where capsule of hip joint attaches (posteriorly 2/3 down the neck)
Trochanteric fossa: attachment of lateral rotators
Along which axis does rotation of the femur occur?
Mechanical axis (3 degrees off vertical axis); extra: anatomical axis (6 degrees off vertical axis)
What are the angles of declination and inclination?
Declination: angle at which neck extends from the shaft: head is more in front compared to shaft
Inclination: when young start with coxa valga, problematic for support, women have lower angle of inclination –> osteoporosis –> higher risk of neck fracture
What is the blood supply to the head of the femur?
60% from lateral (mostly) and medial femoral circumflex arteries from profunda femoris, obturator artery also gives rise to artery in ligament of head of the femur
What is the difference between intertrochanteric line and crest?
Line: anterior
Crest: posterior
What are the capsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament: strongest
Pubofemoral ligament: from iliopubic eminence
Ischiofemoral ligament: runs posteriorly to attach to greater trochanter
What is the zona orbicularis?
Band that goes around capsule of hip joint
How do patients with cerebral palsy or loss of motor tone tend to arch?
Backwards
What happens in neck fracture of the hip?
Limb is shortened, femur is drawn upwards, medial rotators are weakened because attachment is closer –> lateral rotation, 8/10 in females
Where does the iliopsoas tendon attach?
Lesser trochanter
How do intertrochanteric and cervical fractures of the hip differ in severity?
intertrochanteric: not a problem for arterial supply
Cervical: leaves only obturator artery –> not strong enough –> avascular necrosis of the head of the femur