limbiks_REVISION-GUIDE-Repaired Flashcards
What was the 1951 election the start of?
13 years of Conservative rule
What did 1952 see the end of?
Labour and Atlee in government
When did all exports increase?
1952-1962
What does Britain fall behind in per person?
productivity
What is the name of the National Economic Development Council?
NEDC
When did the Night of the Long Knives reshuffle take place?
1962
Who replaced Lloyd as Chancellor?
Maudling
Who replaced Maudling as Chancellor?
Lloyd
Maudling 2 things Maudling do to attempt to avoid rising unemployment?
Tax concessions and a policy of expansion without inflation
Who took the lead in forming the European Free Trade Area?
Britain
What was the name of the EFTA?
European Free Trade Area
When did Macmillan submit Britain’s volte-face?
1961
When did Macmillan have serious illness which made him step down?
1963
Who were the two most obvious candidates in 1963 to succeed Macmillan?
Butler and Hailsham
What existed between the 2 candidates most likely to succeed Macmillan in 1963?
Strong opposition
What type of candidate was DOUGLAS-HOME?
Compromise candidate
What did the new Labour leader Wilson promise to take Britain into?
White heat of technology
What did the process of electing Douglas-Home make the Conservatives look like ?
Like they were trapped in a bygone era
What happened to housing that increased living standards?
Housing boom
Decrease of what helped to raise living standards?
Unemployment
By how many seats did Labour win the 1964 General election?
4
What was the result of Labour squeezing to victory by 4 seats?
Close run contest
What were the 3 persistent problems for the Conservatives?
Slow growth of GNP
High defence costs
Limited R&D
What speech did Macmillan give that demonstrated his acceptance of decolonisation?
“Winds of Change” Speech
When was decolonisation?
1957-68
How was the growing impatience with the establishment and desire for generational change demonstrated?
Private Eye and That Was The Week That Was
What was the effective Labour election slogan used in 1964?
‘Thirteen years of Tory misrule’
How much of the vote did the Liberals win in 1964?
11.20%
What may have the Liberals done in the close 1964 election race?
Tipped the balance away from the Conservatives
What were the 6 reasons the Conservatives dominated British politics from 1951-1964?
Age of Affluence
Labour divisions
Post-war consensus politics and continuation of popular policies
Supermac
The ability of Conservatives to survive splits and leadership struggles
Good election time and campaigning
What had Britain been moulded by in the 1950’s?
WW2
What 2 kinds of loyalties were still strong?
Regional and class
What was used to reinforce class and geographical attitudes?
Films
When was British society NOT in 1951?
Static or frozen in time
When was the Festival of Britain?
What did it show people?
1951
That they were on the verge of a new, modern world
What misreports about immigrants often stirred public anxieties?
Unfair and inaccurate reports of criminal behaviour by immigrants
What was 1950’s society?
Law abiding
When did criminal offences double?
1955-1965
When was the Kray twins peak in criminal behaviour?
1964
What did the staples of the new aggressive youth culture?
Disrespect towards authority and fight culture
What is the result of a new, aggressive youth culture?
Mods and Rockers
What was football hooliganism?
Unruly, violent, and destructive behaviour by overzealous supporters of football clubs, including brawling, vandalism and intimidation.
Who reacts to MORAL PANIC reactions?
public
What 3 groups or people triee to portray youth culture as knife-wielding hooligans undermining the foundations of society?
Politicians, churchmen and media
What did the 11+ test determine if a child’s education would be in?
Whether a child’s education would be in a grammar school, a secondary modern or a technical school
What did grammar schools, technical schools and secondary moderns do?
a ‘tripartite system’
What was the aim of the ‘tripartite system’?
To give equal status to, grammar schools, technical schools and secondary moderns
What did the Butler Act 1944 do?
Raised the school-leaving age to 15 and provided universal free schooling in three different types of schools; grammar, secondary modern and technical.
What did many Middle-Class people see the 11+ test as?
Unfair and ineffi cient
What was 1951 society?
How was this demonstrated?
Conformist and deferential
Ingrained respect for authority, obvious class distinctions, dress speech and class loyalties still strong within parties
In what 4 things created a less deferential society?
Why?
Suez crisis 1956- Had exposed blatant lying and manipulation by the government.
The rise of CND encouraged the tendency to challenge authority
The gradual breakdown of old social restrictions and loss of deference
New trends in culture and the media open the way for a more individualist and less conformist society
What 2 things did people want Atlee to abolish because he was against the class system?
House of Lords and private schools
Who was discontent with the Establishment despite being from the same background and education?
The Middle Class
What did the Satire boom of 1960’s show?
A dramatic decrease in defernce to authority
What kind of deference did PROFUMO AFFAIR have?
dramatic
What symbolises shifting attitude towards class and privilege?
Profumo Affair
What does Profumo Affair symbolise shifting attitude towards?
class and privilege
What did the barometer suggest Britain was becoming less deferential?
less class-ridden
In what years did the media and culture change?
1951-64
In what decade did deference prevail?
1950’s
What is the name of the film The Archers?
The Cruel Sea
Where is Merseyside shown?
Z Cars
What do you want to break down?
censorship and social taboos
Under what law is Lady Chatterley’s Lover court case?
Obscenity Act
What court case under Obscenity Act is a drive to break down censorship and social taboos?
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
What kind of satire does the rise of satire combine?
scandalizing
Who led the Middle class backlash against new ‘immorality and depravity’?
prig Mary Whitehouse
What type of system did majority opinion in Britain remain in the same old groove?
class system
When were SOCIAL PRESSURES?
1951-64
What are increases in population, immigration, differences between towns and countryside, social mobility, drain of population from key areas?
Demographic changes
What type of infrastructure is pressured on?
Britain’s infrastructure
What is criminality?
increase in crime and changes in attitude towards criminals
What types of violence are Mods and Rockers, Brighton and Margate?
riots and radicalisation of youth
What kind of tensions are in the education system?
Class tensions
What type of boom is 8?
satire boom
Changes in culture and the media drive to break down what?
censorship and social taboos
How many spheres of influence sum up British foreign policy?
three
What did historians disagree about?
how and why Britain’s empire declined and ended
What did war and changing world economy play a key role in?
decline of the British Empire
What is the world’s wealthiest country?
one of richest
Who did everyone owe money?
Britain
How long did Britain’s wealth last?
4 years
Where did Britain’s debts go?
USA
What was needed from the USA?
huge loans and grants
Who played a crucial role in Britain’s survival and victory in both world wars?
Empire
What was more important than holding on to distant lands?
rebuilding their own country
What country’s economy was changing?
Britain
Trade with which countries became more important than trade with the empire?
Europe and America
Which country did not lose all links with former colonies?
Britain
All former members of empire invited to become members of what?
Commonwealth
What country left Commonwealth later?
South Africa
What did the Commonwealth aim to promote between the nations of the former empire?
friendship and harmony
What are some benefits of special agreements in terms of trade and security?
sporting and cultural links
What were other benefits of special agreements?
trade and security
What event affected Britain economically, strategically and politically?
WW2
In which countries did the USA, USSR and China take on economic miracles?
Japan and Germany
In what territories did the independence movement progress during WW2?
India and African territories
Strikes, boycotts, individuals and political protests all moved countries towards what?
independence
What country was reliant upon the USA for support by 1945?
Britain
When was Britain reliant upon the USA for support?
1945
When was the Labour government elected?
1945
Why did Attlee move towards African decolonization?
British
What country did Attlee allow independence?
Indian
What country did the British leave some areas because they felt the country was ready to rule itself democratically?
India
Where did Britain no longer have financial or military strength to dominate territory?
Asia
Who wanted to leave some countries?
The British
What was the name of WW1?
WW2
When did Britain inform the US that she was close to bankruptcy?
1947
What countries did Britain have to abandon?
Greece, Turkey and Palestine
Who gave independence in the same year?
India and Pakistan
What was slow to recognise the UK’s demise?
political and public opinion
What did they not see in the future?
implications for the future
What did Britain continue to do?
‘punch above it’s weight
When was the British integration delayed in Europe?
1973
What was the result of the delay in British integration in Europe?
imperial illusions
What showed British people that Britain was no longer a global superpower?
SUEZ
What was Harold Macmillan’s speech in 1960?
WIND OF CHANGE
When did people come to terms with losing overseas colonies?
1960
When did the illusions keep Britain’s defence spending high by holding a nuclear deterrent?
1960
Who’s role in the Cold War was exaggerated?
Britain
What war was Britain’s role in?
the Cold War
When did the myths of British importance have been blown out of the water?
1964
In what year did Britain retreat from Empire?
1951
In what decade did British forces want independence?
1950’s
Which ex-colonial powers fought wars in former colonies?
France and Belgium
When did Britain’s rulers feel they could move from Empire to Commonwealth?
1950’s
What percentage of Western oil imports passed through the canal?
80%
Response to threat of Nassar’s nationalism and independence = what?
military action
Who believed Britain was still an imperial power?
Eden
What did Eden pride himself on?
mastery of foreign policy
What did Nasser think Nasser could not get away with?
unprovoked aggression
Who was described as ‘an evil dictator who could not be allowed to get away with unprovoked aggression?
Saw Nasser
What did Eden feel threatened African stability?
Nasser
What did Eden feel Nasser threatened?
African stability
Who was the leader of Eden’s cabinet?
Macmillan
Who said that the Suez situation is beginning to slip from our hands?
Macmillan
When did Macmillan say that the Suez situation is beginning to slip from our hands?
1956
What has taken so long to get into shape?
military arrangements
What do we need to win?
one means or another
Why was Eden supposed to be an expert in foreign policy?
the Cabinet felt unable to challenge such expertise
What was the name of the group that kept Suez arrangements secret from most of the Cabinet and US?
>
Nassar fears Nassar may turn to whom for help?
USSR
Who realized Britain was not strong enough to stand up to US pressure?
Macmillan
What was Eden’s career?
a painful anti-climax
What did Britain’s position in the world now have to go through a fundamental reassessment?
illusions of imperial grandeur
What did Britain’s position in the world undergo?
a fundamental reassessment
What did Britain do to change relations between US and Britain?
diplomacy
How many superpowers existed in Britain?
two
When did the WINDS OF CHANGE occur?
1960
What was the central aim of British imperial policy?
nationalist revolts
When did Ghana become Britain’s first African colony?
1957
What was the name of 1960’s speech?
Wind of Change Speech
When was Wind of Change Speech?
1960
What does SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN?
POLICY
What do independence movements move to?
DECOLONISATION
What type of movements do you move to DECOLONISATION?
independence
Where was Macmillan speaking to?
Cape Town
What did he think was needed?
change
What did the intelligent people think would never happen?
the intelligent ones would become frustrated and rebel leading to violence, repression and hatred
What do nationalist groups overthrow you?
grant independence
What rebellion did Britain have a difficult time containing?
Mau Mau rebellion
Who wanted to speed up the independence process?
Iain Macleod
What was done with a lot less violence than Belgium or Portugal?
British decolonisation
When did the transition from Empire to Commonwealth take place?
1964
What is the EEC’s vision of a Coal and Steel Community?
closer ties to prevent future conflict
When was the Schuman Plan?
1950
When did the decision not to enter the open door reflect a national consensus?
1951-1957
What party is suspicious of free-market principles behind the Common Market?
Labour Party
What is the main theme of the Labour Party?
Common Market
What countries did Conservatives want trade links with?
Australia, Canada and New Zealand
What did many people not get out of their heads?
war
What country was top of the tree?
Britain
Who was the leader of Britain?
ex-wartime leaders
What does British foreign policy mean?
encourage European integration from sidelines
What kind of idea did Britain dislike?
integration
When was the Treaty of Rome signed?
Jan-57
What treaty solidified the agreements made at Messina?
Treaty of Rome
Who was the EEC born without?
Britain not worried
What was not strong enough to stand to America as it was plunged into a serious financial crisis?
Suez Crisis
Who knew that Britain was economically declining and so concerned about GB joining the EEC Factor 3: Rise of nationalist intentions led to foreign policy failure
De Gaulle
When was Mau Mau Rebellion?
1952
In what year did Britain fail to control the nationalist forces?
Suez Crisis 1956
What was Britain believed to be?
imperial power
What did Britain believe was a ‘vil dictator who could not be allowed to get away with?
unprovoked aggression
Who did Thorneycroft believe did not have faith in diplomacy?
Cabinet
Who wanted to modernise key industries?
Attlee
When did Britain slide down the league tables of the world economy?
1951-2007
What is one of the leading economic powers in the world?
Optimism
What was shipping?
Chemicals
What type of goods did people buy?
consumer goods
What type of industry dominates most towns and cities?
heavy industry
What type of female employment is restricted to in most towns and cities?
single women
In what years was national unity boosted?
war years
Where did middle class living in the suburbs vote?
Conservative areas of heavy industry
Where did working classes in the suburbs vote?
Labour
What increased social mobility by some extent?
impact of war
