limbiks_CACP Revision Notes.docx (1) Flashcards
What were the participants in the study?
Participants aged 11-14
What measures did the participants complete?
Measures on negative social cognitions, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, pre and post-event processing, social anxiety, and depression
Which factors significantly predict social anxiety at time 2?
Negative social cognitions, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, and post-event processing
What factors accounted for 59% of the variance in social anxiety at T2?
Age, gender, and social anxiety at T1
What percentage of the variance in social anxiety at T2 was accounted for by all significant predictors?
4%
Were all the cognitive predictors associated with social anxiety in adolescents?
Yes
What factor was no longer significant when all cognitive predictors were added?
Post-event processing
What might explain why post-event processing was no longer significant?
Rumination altering other cognitions already tested
What type of sample was used in the study?
Community sample
What type of measures were used for post- and pre-event processing?
Single item measures
What is a limitation of using self-report questionnaires?
Prone to random measurement errors and social desirability bias
What might be artificially inflated by agreement in questionnaire responses?
Correlation coefficient
Was the study experimental?
No
What factor might impact the order of questionnaires?
Chapman et al.
What did the reviewed studies look at?
Association between mental imagery and social anxiety in children and young people
What evidence did the studies find?
Children and young people with higher social anxiety report more negative observer-perspective images
What type of study design was used in this experiment?
Experimental study
Who were the participants in this study?
Non-clinical adolescents
What task were the participants assigned?
3-minute speech task
What were the participants told about the task?
They would be rated by peers
What was the association between higher social anxiety symptoms and the participants’ perspective during the task?
Higher likelihood of reporting observer’s perspective
What study compared cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and cognitive therapy (CT)?
Ingul et al. (2014)
What study examined internet cognitive therapy for adolescent social anxiety disorder (SAD)?
Leigh & Clark (2022)
What study compared social effectiveness therapy (SETC) with cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and waitlist control?
Olivares et al. (2002)
What study found that both SETC and CBGT were significantly better than waitlist control?
Olivares et al. (2002)
What study demonstrated that the gains from SETC and CBGT were maintained at a 5-year follow-up?
Olivares et al. (2002)
(2001) – What did the study adapt?
SETC for schools
(2001) – What was the improvement compared to?
attention control
(2001) – What type of study design was used?
Quasi-experiment based on school timetable
(2023) – How many participants were in the study?
200
(2023) – What type of disorder did the participants have?
SAD (Social Anxiety Disorder)
(2023) – What were the two treatment options?
general CBT or modified SAD-specific treatment
(2023) – Did the treatments significantly differ on remission of SAD at post-treatment?
No
(2023) – Did the treatments significantly differ on remission of SAD at follow-up?
No
(2023) – Were the treatments close to significance at 6m follow-up?
Yes
What were the remission rates for social anxiety disorder (SAD) at the end of treatment?
40% for both treatments, 50-68% for the modified version.
Was there a statistically significant difference between the treatments for SAD symptoms?
No statistical significance.
Was there a clinical significance difference between the treatments for SAD symptoms?
Remission higher than generic intervention in other studies, but may be inflated.
Did the modified version of treatment target the desired mechanisms effectively?
No, it didn’t seem to target the desired mechanisms.
What was the demographic profile of the participants in the study?
More educated and wealthier.
What was the reliability of SAD diagnosis in the study?
Relatively low reliability.
What was the sample size in the study conducted by Spence et al. (2017)?
125 youths aged 8-17
What were the three groups in the study?
Generic CBT, Social anxiety specific CBT, Waitlist control
What were the findings regarding remission rates after 12 weeks of treatment?
Surprisingly low (3-15%) with no significant difference between groups
Was there a significant difference in remission rates between generic CBT and social anxiety specific CBT?
No
Did the remission rates improve at the 6-month follow-up?
Slightly increased, but still no significant differences between groups
What is the purpose of the study conducted by Waters et al. (2013)?
Modify attention in social anxiety
What cognitive training method was used in the study?
Dot probe task
What did participants have to do in the visual search paradigm?
Select the positive expression quickly
What did participants learn over trials in the study?
To disengage attention from threatening stimuli
What did the study by Ginsberg & Drake (2002) find about the relationship between panic and anxiety sensitivity?
Panic predicted later anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety sensitivity predicted later panic.
What did the study by Ginsberg & Drake (2002) find about the best predictor of panic symptoms?
Panic symptoms at baseline were the best predictor.
What did the study by Baker & Waite (2020) focus on?
Treatments delivered to young people with anxiety disorders.
What was the specific focus of the vignette in the study by Baker & Waite (2020)?
A young person who only met diagnostic criteria for panic disorder.
What percentage of clinicians identified panic symptoms or panic disorder as the main presenting problem?
Less than 50%
Did most clinicians conceptualize panic disorder as the main problem?
No
What percentage of clinicians did not have any CBT training?
50%
What treatment options were compared in Clark et al. (1994)?
Cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, imipramine
What was the post-treatment outcome for the cognitive therapy group?
90% free of PD
(1990) What was the Panic Control Treatment (PCT) for panic disorder?
15 weekly sessions with rational, psychoeducation, exposure to interoceptive cues, cognitive approaches, progressive relaxation training and respiration training + exposures, cognitive restructuring.
(1990) What was the success rate of PCT for panic disorder?
About 90% of participants were panic-free post-treatment.
(1990) How did PCT compare to other treatments for panic disorder?
PCT was better than medication, placebo, and waitlist.
Baker et al. (2021) What population did the study focus on?
Adolescents with anxiety disorders.
Baker et al. (2021) What type of treatments did the study examine?
Most of the treatments examined were cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
Baker et al. (2021) How many studies were included in the review?
16 studies were included.
What is the focus of the study conducted by Pincus et al. (2010)?
Panic control treatment for adolescents - PCT-A
What age group of adolescents participated in the study?
Aged 14-17
What was the control group in the study?
Self-monitoring control group
What were the outcomes measured in the study?
CSR scores, CASI, MASC, CDI
Did the study report any remission data?
No
What did the 2015 RCT find about the efficacy of intensive PCT-A?
63% of adolescents treated with intensive PCT-A no longer had PD diagnosis at post-treatment.
What did the 2015 RCT find about the efficacy of intensive PCT-A in reducing comorbid diagnosis?
Effective in reducing the severity of comorbid diagnosis, including depressive symptoms.
What did Waite (2022) do in developing PANDA?
Adapted the workbooks and the treatment from Clark’s brief treatment.
What kind of study did Waite (2022) conduct to test PANDA?
Feasibility study with randomly allocated participants.
Was there a statistical comparison in Waite’s study?
No, because it was not powered.
What type of treatment was compared to brief CT?
graded exposure
What did Angelosante et al. develop?
PCT-A for adolescents
What age group was the PCT-A program designed for?
teens aged 12-17
What did Berman et al. find regarding depressive symptoms in young people?
predicts poorer responses to treatments for childhood ADs
What did Hardway et al. investigate?
if intensive treatment for panic disorder is effective
What is the main finding of al.’s (2008) study?
Riding the Wave helps ameliorate depression symptoms in adolescents.
How many adolescents participated in the study?
57
What was the age range of the participants?
Nov-18
What was the treatment assignment for the participants?
Random assignment to intensive panic treatment
What was the role of parents in the treatment?
Parental involvement varied between groups
What was the main outcome measured?
Depression scores
What was the time frame for the follow-up?
3 months
What was the significant moderator in the decrease of depression?
Interaction between age and parental involvement
Which age group benefitted more from treatment without parent involvement?
Younger participants
Did the treatment group significantly moderate the rate of depression change for any of the CDI subscales?
No
Was the interaction significant?
Yes
Did parental involvement make a difference on CSR of PD High income compared to average?
No
Was parental involvement summarized at the end?
No
What is plasticity in adolescence?
Vulnerabilities and opportunities to intervene
What should be considered for developing CBT for adolescents?
Engagement
What is the role of motivation in adolescent help-seeking?
Investigate outcomes
What does research say about parental involvement in adolescent anxiety treatment?
No added benefit for older age groups, but beneficial for children
What did Bodden et al. (2008) find about parental engagement?
No improved outcomes
Why is it important to distinguish between children and adolescents in social anxiety disorder studies?
Likely to be distinctions in how to implement changes
What are the DSM-4 criteria for panic disorder?
Recurrent panic attacks followed by persistent concern
What did Reiss et al. (1986) study?
Fear of fear
How many adolescents had severe and chronic SAD and comorbid difficulties?
5
What did Leigh & Clark deliver to 5 adolescents with severe and chronic SAD and comorbid difficulties?
cognitive therapy
How many of them had CBT with no response?
4
How long did the symptoms of anxiety and depression stay at the end of treatment?
3-6m follow-up
What did the researchers find?
improved functioning, social participation and 100% school attendance
What was the average change on primary outcome measure?
79%
What type of therapy did SAD Nordh et al use?
cognitive therapy
When was the Evaluation of possible predictors and moderators of the effect of internet delivered CBT in an RCT?
2022
What moderated the outcome of ICBT?
Baseline depression symptoms
What type of anxiety did more difficulties at baseline with?
anticipatory anxiety
How many children and adolescents have ICBT?
103
What two groups did not have a diff between?
ICBT and ISUPPORT
What is the prevalence rate of in adolescents?
panic disorder
What is the prevalence in 11-16yo?
1.10%
What is the prevalence in 17-19yo?
3.40%
What was the most common anxiety disorder in the later adolescent group?
panic disorder
What does bc children report their first panic attack as occurring in childhood?
not meeting the diagnosis criteria
How many children do not have panic attacks?
5-10yo
What percentage of adults reporting panic disorders said it started before the age of 18?
22.50%
What was the peak onset of panic disorders before the age of 18?
15.5yo
What is the cause of the prognosis?
the poorer the prognosis
What did Clark add to cover the maintenance of disorders?
the looping aspect
What was described as very intense?
Panic attacks
What was the intensity of mental images?
panic
What did Baker et al feel about mental images?
embarrassment and shame
What type of control were Adolescents randomised to?
waitlist
What type of treatment were Adolescents with PD randomised to?
intensive CBT treatment
What was the main effect of intensive CBT on post-treatment PD symptoms?
higher
What et al. (2015) has 54 ppts?
Pincus
How many ppts did Pincus et al. (2015) have?
54
How old are Pincus et al. (2015)?
Nov-17
What did many of the ppts take at the same time?
Psychotropic meds
In what year did DCS increase the effects of exposure-based therapy for PD?
2019
What is a NMDA agonist?
DCS
How many ppts of DCS were used to increase the effects of intensive CBT for PD in adolescence?
24 ppts
How old were the 24 ppts?
Dec-17
What did both groups show?
sig improvement
In placebo, what percentage of diagnosis did placebo recover?
90%
In DCS, what percentage of diagnosis is not sig?
66.70%
When did DCS recovery rate go up?
3m follow-up
What et al. did no diff in speed of improvement compare to?
CBT Otto
What type of control did not compare to CBT Otto et al?
placebo
What treatment does DCS respond to?
Timing of DCS Nauphal et al
How many ppts did 12-17 years with PD receive intensive CBT?
24 ppts
How much intensive CBT did 24 ppts with PD receive in 2020?
8-day intensive
What caused greater treatment satisfaction at post-treatment?
higher levels of overall symptom interference
What predicted satisfaction at 3m follow-up?
satisfaction post-treatment
At what level was satisfaction only predicted by satisfaction post-treatment?
3m
Which group is a placebo and DCS group?
Leyfer et al
What did panic severity show?
linear change
What showed cubic change, peaking at 1st session, decreasing at 2nd, and large gains continuing then plateauing in 4th session?
Fear and avoidance
When did large gains continue to plateau?
4th
When did fear and avoidance peak?
1st
What was Exposure and response prevention effective for?
OCD
What was CBT more effective than?
waitlist control
What type of disorder does CBT use more relaxation techniques?
OCD
What type of therapy is used for childhood anxiety disorders?
CBT
What are some of the reasons OCD is more responsive than other CADs?
Grouping separation anxiety, social phobia & GAD
What program yielded the highest response rates?
Combined med + CBT
What was the highest response rate for Combined med + CBT?
80.70%
What was followed by the rate of progress in treatment?
sig acceleration
What did not change the trajectory of improvement?
relaxation training
What is moderated by age and treatment condition?
treatment improvements
