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CACP > limbiks_CACP Revision Notes.docx (1) > Flashcards

limbiks_CACP Revision Notes.docx (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What were the participants in the study?

A

Participants aged 11-14

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2
Q

What measures did the participants complete?

A

Measures on negative social cognitions, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, pre and post-event processing, social anxiety, and depression

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3
Q

Which factors significantly predict social anxiety at time 2?

A

Negative social cognitions, safety behaviors, self-focused attention, and post-event processing

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4
Q

What factors accounted for 59% of the variance in social anxiety at T2?

A

Age, gender, and social anxiety at T1

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5
Q

What percentage of the variance in social anxiety at T2 was accounted for by all significant predictors?

A

4%

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6
Q

Were all the cognitive predictors associated with social anxiety in adolescents?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What factor was no longer significant when all cognitive predictors were added?

A

Post-event processing

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8
Q

What might explain why post-event processing was no longer significant?

A

Rumination altering other cognitions already tested

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9
Q

What type of sample was used in the study?

A

Community sample

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10
Q

What type of measures were used for post- and pre-event processing?

A

Single item measures

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11
Q

What is a limitation of using self-report questionnaires?

A

Prone to random measurement errors and social desirability bias

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12
Q

What might be artificially inflated by agreement in questionnaire responses?

A

Correlation coefficient

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13
Q

Was the study experimental?

A

No

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14
Q

What factor might impact the order of questionnaires?

A

Chapman et al.

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15
Q

What did the reviewed studies look at?

A

Association between mental imagery and social anxiety in children and young people

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16
Q

What evidence did the studies find?

A

Children and young people with higher social anxiety report more negative observer-perspective images

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17
Q

What type of study design was used in this experiment?

A

Experimental study

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18
Q

Who were the participants in this study?

A

Non-clinical adolescents

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19
Q

What task were the participants assigned?

A

3-minute speech task

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20
Q

What were the participants told about the task?

A

They would be rated by peers

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21
Q

What was the association between higher social anxiety symptoms and the participants’ perspective during the task?

A

Higher likelihood of reporting observer’s perspective

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22
Q

What study compared cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and cognitive therapy (CT)?

A

Ingul et al. (2014)

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23
Q

What study examined internet cognitive therapy for adolescent social anxiety disorder (SAD)?

A

Leigh & Clark (2022)

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24
Q

What study compared social effectiveness therapy (SETC) with cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and waitlist control?

A

Olivares et al. (2002)

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25
Q

What study found that both SETC and CBGT were significantly better than waitlist control?

A

Olivares et al. (2002)

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26
Q

What study demonstrated that the gains from SETC and CBGT were maintained at a 5-year follow-up?

A

Olivares et al. (2002)

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27
Q

(2001) – What did the study adapt?

A

SETC for schools

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28
Q

(2001) – What was the improvement compared to?

A

attention control

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29
Q

(2001) – What type of study design was used?

A

Quasi-experiment based on school timetable

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30
Q

(2023) – How many participants were in the study?

A

200

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31
Q

(2023) – What type of disorder did the participants have?

A

SAD (Social Anxiety Disorder)

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32
Q

(2023) – What were the two treatment options?

A

general CBT or modified SAD-specific treatment

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33
Q

(2023) – Did the treatments significantly differ on remission of SAD at post-treatment?

A

No

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34
Q

(2023) – Did the treatments significantly differ on remission of SAD at follow-up?

A

No

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35
Q

(2023) – Were the treatments close to significance at 6m follow-up?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What were the remission rates for social anxiety disorder (SAD) at the end of treatment?

A

40% for both treatments, 50-68% for the modified version.

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37
Q

Was there a statistically significant difference between the treatments for SAD symptoms?

A

No statistical significance.

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38
Q

Was there a clinical significance difference between the treatments for SAD symptoms?

A

Remission higher than generic intervention in other studies, but may be inflated.

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39
Q

Did the modified version of treatment target the desired mechanisms effectively?

A

No, it didn’t seem to target the desired mechanisms.

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40
Q

What was the demographic profile of the participants in the study?

A

More educated and wealthier.

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41
Q

What was the reliability of SAD diagnosis in the study?

A

Relatively low reliability.

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42
Q

What was the sample size in the study conducted by Spence et al. (2017)?

A

125 youths aged 8-17

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43
Q

What were the three groups in the study?

A

Generic CBT, Social anxiety specific CBT, Waitlist control

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44
Q

What were the findings regarding remission rates after 12 weeks of treatment?

A

Surprisingly low (3-15%) with no significant difference between groups

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45
Q

Was there a significant difference in remission rates between generic CBT and social anxiety specific CBT?

A

No

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46
Q

Did the remission rates improve at the 6-month follow-up?

A

Slightly increased, but still no significant differences between groups

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47
Q

What is the purpose of the study conducted by Waters et al. (2013)?

A

Modify attention in social anxiety

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48
Q

What cognitive training method was used in the study?

A

Dot probe task

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49
Q

What did participants have to do in the visual search paradigm?

A

Select the positive expression quickly

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50
Q

What did participants learn over trials in the study?

A

To disengage attention from threatening stimuli

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51
Q

What did the study by Ginsberg & Drake (2002) find about the relationship between panic and anxiety sensitivity?

A

Panic predicted later anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety sensitivity predicted later panic.

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52
Q

What did the study by Ginsberg & Drake (2002) find about the best predictor of panic symptoms?

A

Panic symptoms at baseline were the best predictor.

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53
Q

What did the study by Baker & Waite (2020) focus on?

A

Treatments delivered to young people with anxiety disorders.

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54
Q

What was the specific focus of the vignette in the study by Baker & Waite (2020)?

A

A young person who only met diagnostic criteria for panic disorder.

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55
Q

What percentage of clinicians identified panic symptoms or panic disorder as the main presenting problem?

A

Less than 50%

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56
Q

Did most clinicians conceptualize panic disorder as the main problem?

A

No

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57
Q

What percentage of clinicians did not have any CBT training?

A

50%

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58
Q

What treatment options were compared in Clark et al. (1994)?

A

Cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, imipramine

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59
Q

What was the post-treatment outcome for the cognitive therapy group?

A

90% free of PD

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60
Q

(1990) What was the Panic Control Treatment (PCT) for panic disorder?

A

15 weekly sessions with rational, psychoeducation, exposure to interoceptive cues, cognitive approaches, progressive relaxation training and respiration training + exposures, cognitive restructuring.

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61
Q

(1990) What was the success rate of PCT for panic disorder?

A

About 90% of participants were panic-free post-treatment.

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62
Q

(1990) How did PCT compare to other treatments for panic disorder?

A

PCT was better than medication, placebo, and waitlist.

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63
Q

Baker et al. (2021) What population did the study focus on?

A

Adolescents with anxiety disorders.

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64
Q

Baker et al. (2021) What type of treatments did the study examine?

A

Most of the treatments examined were cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

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65
Q

Baker et al. (2021) How many studies were included in the review?

A

16 studies were included.

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66
Q

What is the focus of the study conducted by Pincus et al. (2010)?

A

Panic control treatment for adolescents - PCT-A

67
Q

What age group of adolescents participated in the study?

A

Aged 14-17

68
Q

What was the control group in the study?

A

Self-monitoring control group

69
Q

What were the outcomes measured in the study?

A

CSR scores, CASI, MASC, CDI

70
Q

Did the study report any remission data?

A

No

71
Q

What did the 2015 RCT find about the efficacy of intensive PCT-A?

A

63% of adolescents treated with intensive PCT-A no longer had PD diagnosis at post-treatment.

72
Q

What did the 2015 RCT find about the efficacy of intensive PCT-A in reducing comorbid diagnosis?

A

Effective in reducing the severity of comorbid diagnosis, including depressive symptoms.

73
Q

What did Waite (2022) do in developing PANDA?

A

Adapted the workbooks and the treatment from Clark’s brief treatment.

74
Q

What kind of study did Waite (2022) conduct to test PANDA?

A

Feasibility study with randomly allocated participants.

75
Q

Was there a statistical comparison in Waite’s study?

A

No, because it was not powered.

76
Q

What type of treatment was compared to brief CT?

A

graded exposure

77
Q

What did Angelosante et al. develop?

A

PCT-A for adolescents

78
Q

What age group was the PCT-A program designed for?

A

teens aged 12-17

79
Q

What did Berman et al. find regarding depressive symptoms in young people?

A

predicts poorer responses to treatments for childhood ADs

80
Q

What did Hardway et al. investigate?

A

if intensive treatment for panic disorder is effective

81
Q

What is the main finding of al.’s (2008) study?

A

Riding the Wave helps ameliorate depression symptoms in adolescents.

82
Q

How many adolescents participated in the study?

A

57

83
Q

What was the age range of the participants?

A

Nov-18

84
Q

What was the treatment assignment for the participants?

A

Random assignment to intensive panic treatment

85
Q

What was the role of parents in the treatment?

A

Parental involvement varied between groups

86
Q

What was the main outcome measured?

A

Depression scores

87
Q

What was the time frame for the follow-up?

A

3 months

88
Q

What was the significant moderator in the decrease of depression?

A

Interaction between age and parental involvement

89
Q

Which age group benefitted more from treatment without parent involvement?

A

Younger participants

90
Q

Did the treatment group significantly moderate the rate of depression change for any of the CDI subscales?

A

No

91
Q

Was the interaction significant?

A

Yes

92
Q

Did parental involvement make a difference on CSR of PD High income compared to average?

A

No

93
Q

Was parental involvement summarized at the end?

A

No

94
Q

What is plasticity in adolescence?

A

Vulnerabilities and opportunities to intervene

95
Q

What should be considered for developing CBT for adolescents?

A

Engagement

96
Q

What is the role of motivation in adolescent help-seeking?

A

Investigate outcomes

97
Q

What does research say about parental involvement in adolescent anxiety treatment?

A

No added benefit for older age groups, but beneficial for children

98
Q

What did Bodden et al. (2008) find about parental engagement?

A

No improved outcomes

99
Q

Why is it important to distinguish between children and adolescents in social anxiety disorder studies?

A

Likely to be distinctions in how to implement changes

100
Q

What are the DSM-4 criteria for panic disorder?

A

Recurrent panic attacks followed by persistent concern

101
Q

What did Reiss et al. (1986) study?

A

Fear of fear

102
Q

How many adolescents had severe and chronic SAD and comorbid difficulties?

A

5

103
Q

What did Leigh & Clark deliver to 5 adolescents with severe and chronic SAD and comorbid difficulties?

A

cognitive therapy

104
Q

How many of them had CBT with no response?

A

4

105
Q

How long did the symptoms of anxiety and depression stay at the end of treatment?

A

3-6m follow-up

106
Q

What did the researchers find?

A

improved functioning, social participation and 100% school attendance

107
Q

What was the average change on primary outcome measure?

A

79%

108
Q

What type of therapy did SAD Nordh et al use?

A

cognitive therapy

109
Q

When was the Evaluation of possible predictors and moderators of the effect of internet delivered CBT in an RCT?

A

2022

110
Q

What moderated the outcome of ICBT?

A

Baseline depression symptoms

111
Q

What type of anxiety did more difficulties at baseline with?

A

anticipatory anxiety

112
Q

How many children and adolescents have ICBT?

A

103

113
Q

What two groups did not have a diff between?

A

ICBT and ISUPPORT

114
Q

What is the prevalence rate of in adolescents?

A

panic disorder

115
Q

What is the prevalence in 11-16yo?

A

1.10%

116
Q

What is the prevalence in 17-19yo?

A

3.40%

117
Q

What was the most common anxiety disorder in the later adolescent group?

A

panic disorder

118
Q

What does bc children report their first panic attack as occurring in childhood?

A

not meeting the diagnosis criteria

119
Q

How many children do not have panic attacks?

A

5-10yo

120
Q

What percentage of adults reporting panic disorders said it started before the age of 18?

A

22.50%

121
Q

What was the peak onset of panic disorders before the age of 18?

A

15.5yo

122
Q

What is the cause of the prognosis?

A

the poorer the prognosis

123
Q

What did Clark add to cover the maintenance of disorders?

A

the looping aspect

124
Q

What was described as very intense?

A

Panic attacks

125
Q

What was the intensity of mental images?

A

panic

126
Q

What did Baker et al feel about mental images?

A

embarrassment and shame

127
Q

What type of control were Adolescents randomised to?

A

waitlist

128
Q

What type of treatment were Adolescents with PD randomised to?

A

intensive CBT treatment

129
Q

What was the main effect of intensive CBT on post-treatment PD symptoms?

A

higher

130
Q

What et al. (2015) has 54 ppts?

A

Pincus

131
Q

How many ppts did Pincus et al. (2015) have?

A

54

132
Q

How old are Pincus et al. (2015)?

A

Nov-17

133
Q

What did many of the ppts take at the same time?

A

Psychotropic meds

134
Q

In what year did DCS increase the effects of exposure-based therapy for PD?

A

2019

135
Q

What is a NMDA agonist?

A

DCS

136
Q

How many ppts of DCS were used to increase the effects of intensive CBT for PD in adolescence?

A

24 ppts

137
Q

How old were the 24 ppts?

A

Dec-17

138
Q

What did both groups show?

A

sig improvement

139
Q

In placebo, what percentage of diagnosis did placebo recover?

A

90%

140
Q

In DCS, what percentage of diagnosis is not sig?

A

66.70%

141
Q

When did DCS recovery rate go up?

A

3m follow-up

142
Q

What et al. did no diff in speed of improvement compare to?

A

CBT Otto

143
Q

What type of control did not compare to CBT Otto et al?

A

placebo

144
Q

What treatment does DCS respond to?

A

Timing of DCS Nauphal et al

145
Q

How many ppts did 12-17 years with PD receive intensive CBT?

A

24 ppts

146
Q

How much intensive CBT did 24 ppts with PD receive in 2020?

A

8-day intensive

147
Q

What caused greater treatment satisfaction at post-treatment?

A

higher levels of overall symptom interference

148
Q

What predicted satisfaction at 3m follow-up?

A

satisfaction post-treatment

149
Q

At what level was satisfaction only predicted by satisfaction post-treatment?

A

3m

150
Q

Which group is a placebo and DCS group?

A

Leyfer et al

151
Q

What did panic severity show?

A

linear change

152
Q

What showed cubic change, peaking at 1st session, decreasing at 2nd, and large gains continuing then plateauing in 4th session?

A

Fear and avoidance

153
Q

When did large gains continue to plateau?

A

4th

154
Q

When did fear and avoidance peak?

A

1st

155
Q

What was Exposure and response prevention effective for?

A

OCD

156
Q

What was CBT more effective than?

A

waitlist control

157
Q

What type of disorder does CBT use more relaxation techniques?

A

OCD

158
Q

What type of therapy is used for childhood anxiety disorders?

A

CBT

159
Q

What are some of the reasons OCD is more responsive than other CADs?

A

Grouping separation anxiety, social phobia & GAD

160
Q

What program yielded the highest response rates?

A

Combined med + CBT

161
Q

What was the highest response rate for Combined med + CBT?

A

80.70%

162
Q

What was followed by the rate of progress in treatment?

A

sig acceleration

163
Q

What did not change the trajectory of improvement?

A

relaxation training

164
Q

What is moderated by age and treatment condition?

A

treatment improvements

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