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Neuroscience I Test 3 > Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex, Neuroembryology > Flashcards

Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex, Neuroembryology Flashcards

1
Q

reticular formation

A
  • contrains the principal discharge pathways for the olfactory/limbic systems and the hypothalamus
  • plays an important role as a mediator of somatic and visceral motor components of autonomic, emotional, and behavioral responses
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2
Q

components of emotional expression:

A
  • hippocampus: memory recall
  • amygdala
  • neocortex: modify rxn
  • hypothalamus: effector of emotional behavior
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3
Q

brainstem ascending reticular activating system

A
  • glasgow coma scale
  • level of consciousness
  • drugs

-sends info to intralaminar reticular nuclei–>cortex (EEG and cognition) and prefrontal cortex (Broca’s, Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome)

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4
Q

septal areas

A
  • addiction
  • behavior/misbehavior
  • pleasure (+), punishing (-)
  • drugs
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5
Q

olfactory input

A

goes straight to septal areas and amygdala

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6
Q

hypothalamic circuitry

A
  • most of ascending input into the hypothalamus is from reticular formation
  • most of descending influences are mediated by reticular formation
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7
Q

lesions of hypothalamus

A

S/S:

  • obesity
  • personality changes
  • diabetes insipidus
  • temp maintenance problems
  • hormonal problems
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8
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • bilateral destruction of mammillary bodies and dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus
  • may result from long term alcoholism or pituitary tumors
    • if pituitary tumor, may cause bitemporal hemianopsia
  • primary deficit is impairment of recent memory
    • pts report confabulation to fill the gaps in their memory
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9
Q

Paper Circuit

A

cortex–>entorhinal cortex of uncus–>hippocampus–>fornix–>mammillary body–>anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus–>cingulate gyrus–>parahippocampus

olfactory input–>amygdala and hippocampus and septal area
-hippocampus and amygdala goes thru the stria terminalis to the septal area–>hypothalamus–>midbrain tegmentum

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10
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

-interconnects septal area, hypothalamus, and midbrain tegmentum

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11
Q

primary olfactory cortex or pyriform lobe

A
  • lateral olfactory gyrus
  • amygdaloid nucleus and pariamygdaloid area
  • entorhinal cortex: uncus and parahippocampus
    • connects sensory info going over the cerebral cortex and puts it into memory
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12
Q

entorhinal cortex

A
  • chief input into the hippocampus
  • acts as a critical integrator and mediator of info to hippocampus
  • cortical electrical impulses cascade over the surface in a spiral like pattern that converges on the entorhinal cortex
  • important link in Paper memory circuit
  • neocortical representation of external sensory world and a person’s memory seem to merge in entorhinal cortex
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13
Q

amygdala

A
  • fibers from olfactory tract and pyriform cortex terminate here
  • convey emotional and motivational component of odors–pheromones
  • pivotal processing center for olfactory, somatosensory, viscerosensory, and emotional expressions
    • relays info to the hypothalamus, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, septal areas, or midbrain tegmentum
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14
Q

amnesia

A
  • refers to any defect in memory but most assoc with cases of severe and relatively isolated memory deficits like in Korsakoff’s
  • anterograde–unable to learn new material
  • retrograde–is an inability to recall events from recent past
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15
Q

hippocampal amnesia

A
  • bilateral lesions of hippocampus
  • pts IQ and formal reasoning were normal but unable to master new facts, recognize new acquaintances, or adjust to new surroundings
  • pyramidal cells of CA1 region of hippocampus are vulnerable to hypoxic or ischemic injury
    • axons form the fimbria-fornix pathway and send recurrent collaterals to entorhinal cortex
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16
Q

olfactory hallucinations

A
  • an imaginary, disagreeable odor, movements of lips and tongue, and dream state of consciousness
  • sensations may be mildly pleasant or curious
  • odors (hallucinations) may disturb the individual, and disrupt activities especially sleep
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17
Q

uncal herniation

A
  • any unilateral lesion that inc the hemispheric volume is likely to cause herniation of uncus thru IPSILATERAL central notch
  • deficits:
    • compresses oculomotor N: pupillary dilation, external strabismus, and complete ptosis
    • compresses abducens N: gaze is down and in
    • compression of cerebral peduncle: pushes contralateral cerebral peduncle against shape edge of tentorium cerebella and spastic hemiplegia occurs on same side of ipsilateral lesion
    • compression of PCA: contralateral incongruous homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing
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18
Q

encephalization of sensory and motor system

A

sophisticated sensory and motor systems are dependent on cortical areas which could discriminate, analyze, interpret, and respond to specific stimuli
-upward shifting of fcns to cortex is encephalization

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19
Q

language and the cerebral cortex

A
  • derivative of neocortical evolution

- development of brain for reception, comprehension, and expression

20
Q

lateralization of cortex

A
  • language underwent lateralization which was allowed by the corpus callous
    • specific fcn residing in one hemisphere yet still share its info with other side
21
Q

layers 1-2 of cerebral cortex

A
  • form the most superficial layers of cortex
  • layers play a role in important roles in assoc and higher cognitive fcns such as memory, interpretation of sensory input, and certain discriminative fcns
22
Q

layers 3-4 of cerebral cortex

A
  • receive most of afferents into cortex
  • only 1% of these afferents are thalamocortical fibers
    • remaining are corticocortical fibers
23
Q

layers 5-6 of cerebral cortex

A

-innermost layers of cortex of cortex are source of efferents from cortex such as assoc fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers

24
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF)

A
  • AKA arcuate fasciculus
  • interconnects frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes
  • critical link for language association areas
  • lesions result in conduction aphasia
    • fluent with minor word finding pauses and paraphasia, and can’t repeat words or sentences
    • comprehension and reading ability intact but writing has errors
25
Q

cingulum

A

-interconnects septal area, cingulate, parrahippocampal gyro to entorhinal cortex

26
Q

uncinate fasciculus

A

interconnects base of assoc areas of frontal lobe to inferior temporal lobe

27
Q

genu of internal capsule

A
  • fibers: corticobulbar fibers

- lesion: supra nuclear facial palsy

28
Q

posterior limb of internal capsule

A
  • fibers: corticospinal fibers
  • lesion: contralateral spastic hemiplegia
  • fibers: somesthetic fibers
  • lesion: contralateral hemianesthesia
29
Q

retrolenticular of internal capsule

A

putamen and globus pallidus

  • fibers: optic radiations
  • lesion: contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
30
Q

Brock’s Aphasia

A
  • nonfluent speech
  • full comprehension
  • right sided paralysis
31
Q

Wernicke’s Syndrome

A
  • fluent and paraphasic speech
  • no comprehension
  • slight or no right sided paralysis
32
Q

3 month fetus and growth of SC

A

-spinal cord extends throughout the entire length of vertebral column

33
Q

5 month fetus and growth of SC

A
  • vertical column has grown longer than the SC

- conus medullaris is at the level of first sacral vertebra

34
Q

neonate and growth of SC

A

-conus medullaris is at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae

35
Q

adult and growth of SC

A
  • conus medullaris at level of LV1-2 interspace
  • nerve roots coursing in lumbar cistern below level of conus medullaris are lengthened due to this differential growth and will form caudal equina
36
Q

rachischisis

A
  • vertebral column defect with exposure of primitive SC or Ns
  • failure of neuropore to close
37
Q

spina bifida occulta

A
  • herniation of meninges or neural tissue
  • presents as cystic, midline, hairy mass in lumbar region of vertebral column
  • may be due to failure of the roof plate of neural tube to induce the development of overlying spinous processes
38
Q

spina bifida meningocele

A

-vertebral column defect with herniation of meninges

39
Q

spina bifida meningomyelocele

A

-vertebral column defect with herniation of meninges, SC

40
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • congenital stenosis of portion of ventricular system or certain fetal infections
  • assoc with meningomyelocele
41
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation

A
  • common cerebellar anomaly
  • almost always with meningomyelocele
  • involve an elongation of the cerebellar vermis, which herniates thru foramen magnum
  • syringomyelia may also occur
42
Q

anencephaly

A
  • involve cranial or cervical rachischisis–meroanencephaly

- means absence of brain but pt usually has brainstem

43
Q

meningoencephalocele

A
  • cranial defect with herniation of meninges and brain tissue
  • most infants with with have Arnold Chiari malformation
  • also have hydrocephalus
44
Q

meningocele

A

cranial defect with herniation of meninges

45
Q

meningohydroencephalocele

A

-cranial defect with herniation of meninges, brain, ventricles

46
Q

cranial rachischisis

A
  • congenital absence of forebrain usually with cranial defect of frontal and parietal bones
  • due to failure of neural tube to close

Neuroscience I Test 3 (20 decks)

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