Limbic System Flashcards by Imani Gerald

What is the function of the limbic system?

Homeostasis (Hypothalamus), Olfaction (Olfactory Cortex), Memory Drive (Hippocampus), Emotion (Amygdala)

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Limbic system is involved with what structures?

Subcortical or Cortical structures (Bidirectional)

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What are components of the hypothalamus?

Many nuclei, tuber cinerulum, infundiulum, mamillary body

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What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Homeostasis, Endocrine, Autonomic, Limbic Mechanisms

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What are the major inputs for the hypothalamus?

Solitary nuclei, Reticular Formation in Spinal Cord, Retinal Pathways

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What is the function of the solitary nuclei in regards to the hypothalamus?

Visceral input for HR/BP and gut dissentation

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What is the function reticular formation of spinal cord?

Anterior: detects increase in body temperature, activates mechanisms to disspiate heat
Posterior: heat conversation

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What happens if their is damage to the anterior reticular formation of the spinal cord?

Hyperthermia

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What happens if there is damage to the posterior reticular formation of the spinal cord?

Hypothermia

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What is the function of the retinal pathways

Helps detect sleep/wake cycle by the circardian cycle

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What is the function of the circardian cycle?

Circardian cycle (located in the suprachiasmic nuclei) is a major input in the hypothalamus. It receives input from retinal ganglion cells about information of photosensitivity.

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What happens in regards to homeostasis during the day time?

The posterior hypothalamic nuclei contains histaminergic, glutamatergic, and orexin neurotransmitters for arousal

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What happens in regards to homeostasis during the night time?

SCN that projects to the hypothalamic nuclei and pineal gland (which functions for body temperature regulation and produces hormones such as cortisol and melatonin)

Anterior hypothalamic nuclei that sends inhibitory projections to the reticular activating system (RAS) —> which allows you to go to sleep

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What are some other functions in regards to homeostasis?

Eating, thirst, reproductive control, emotions, and homeostatic control

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For eating and thirst: what is the function of the lateral and medial hypothalamus?

Lateral: stimulate hunger and thirst
Medial: inhibit hunger and thirst

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What happens if the medial and lateral aspect of the hypothalamus is damaged?

Lateral: hunger, starvation
Medial: overeating, obesity

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What is the function of the reproductive system in regards to the hypothalamus?

Sexual arousal, motivation, and nurturing components

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What does the emotional aspect of the hypothalamus influence?

Autonomic System

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What does the homeostatic aspect of the hypothalamus influence?

Immune regulation

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Emotion control and homeostatic control are both

Bidirectional

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What are the major outputs for the hypothalamus?

Endocrine System, Autonomic System, and Limbic System

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What are the circumference organs and how do they play a role in the hypothalamus?

The circumference organs do not contain a BBB and play a role in the hypothalamus due to levels of osmoarlity and toxins

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What is the pituitary gland known for?

To be the MASTER GLAND

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What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

Granular cells are going to create (synthesize) and release various hormones into the circulation

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What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

Contains axons and terminals of the cell bodies in the hypothalamus and also facilitates the release of hormones in the circulation

What is the difference between the hormones in anterior and posterior pituitary gland?

Hormones in the anterior pituitary gland are going to be CONTROLLED by the hypothalamus Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are CREATED in the hypothalamus?

List all of the hormones in the anterior pituitary gland?

ACTH, Prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH, Growth hormone

List all of the hormones in the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxycontin and Vapopression

What is unique about the primary olfactory cortex?

Primary olfactory cortex is the only cortex that does not have to relay to the thalamus

What are the primary structures of the olfactory cortex?

Piriform and Periamydgaloid Cortex

What are the secondary cortices for olfaction?

Enteohinal Cortex (Parahippocampus and Perihinal Cortex) Orbitofrontal Olfactory Cortex Amydgala

What is the function for the enterohinal cortex?

Smell and memory

What is function of the orbitofrontal olfactory cortex?

Smell discrimination

What is the function of the amydgala in regards to smell?

Smell, motivation, and emotion

What structures of the brain are involved in long term memory?

Mediotemporal and diencephalon structures, and unimodal and heteromodal structures

What is declarative (long term) memory?

Consists of events and facts

For memory: What structures are located in the mediotemporal lobe?

Hippocampus formation, parahippocampus gyrus, and perihinal cortex

What structures of the brain are located in the hippocampus formation and what is the function?

Dentate, hippocampus, and Subiculum | The function is a large storage area for long term memory

What is the function of the parahippocampus gyrus?

Memory encoding or retrieval

What is the function of the perihinal cortex?

Memory identification and recognition

Describe the input for long term memory?

Receives input from the enterohinal cortex (heteromodal cortices) and sends information bilaterally to the hippocampus through the hippocampal commissure. Projects to basal forebrain and septal nuclei which sends chlogenic effects (ACH) --> which produces neuron excitability and synaptic rewiring.

Describe output for long term memory?

Receive output back from the enterohinal cortex (heteromodal cortices)

Medial Diencephalon structures have a direct connection to where?

Direction connection to the mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus by way of the inferior thalamic peduncle

What are functions of the medial diencephalon structure?

Forward memory: Having memory at your forebrain and actively utilizing it (Like right now) Also executive function and memory

What is the function of the fornix?

Connects the hippocampus to subcortical structures

What are the three main targets for the fornix?

Mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and septal nuclei (bidrectional)

What are temporal poles?

Temporal poles are strong connections between the amydgala, hippocampus, and orbital prefrontal cortex

What is the difference between left and right temporal poles

Left temporal poles: facts, names, general impersonal information Right temporal poles: episodic and personal (usually more emotional and socially)

What is the function of the amydgala and what is significant about it?

Emotion and drive connects all emotion to stimuli | Involved in all limbic systems and receives input from all sensory systems (including visceral)

What is a survival mechanism for the amydgala?

Negative emotion: fear, anxiety, and aggression

Amydgala connections projects to

Bidirectional. Projecting to subcortical and cortical structures (Heteromodal Associations)

What are all of the connections regarding the amydgala (emotion and drive)?

``` Olfactory and hypothalamus Brainstem and hypothalamus Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus Limbic cortex and hypothalamus Septal nuclei, basal forebrain Uncus Hippocampal formation Medial orbitiofrontal cortex ```

What is the function of the olfactory and hypothalamus connection?

Appetite state; linking emotional and motivational in regards to sense of smell Increases or decrease appetite depending on the smell

What is the function of the brainstem and hypothalamus connection?

Autonomic control

What is the trigger proccessor or what starts autonomic control?

The Amydgala

The amydgala sends mainly what type of fibers

Efferent

What is the function of the amydgala connection with mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus?

"Fear reflex" | Takes memory learning and sends it to the hippocampus

What is the function of connection of the limbic cortex and hypothalamus?

Neuroendocringological Modulation | Changes in emotional state

What is the function of the amydgala as it connects with the uncus?

connects olfaction (smell), emotion, and new memories together.

What is the function of the hippocampal formation as it relates to the connection with the amydgala

The function is that it ties emotion and memory together. It usually causes fear-induced memories.

What is the function of the septal nuclei and basal forebrain as it relates to connections with the amydgala?

Function of the septal nuclei and basal forebrain is positive emotions as it relates to rewarding/pleasurable experiences

What is the function of the medial orbitofrontal cortex as it connects to the amydgala?

decision-making and emotion, also lowkey relates to autonomic function as it compares bodily changes to emotion.

What is the anterior cingulate cortex densely interconnected to?

Amydgala and hypothalamus

What are the functions anterior cingulate cortex?

Assigning internal and external stimuli, vocalization of expression states and desires, and regulates the autonomic and endocrine system, pain perception, and initiation and selection of motor movement.

What is the function of the posterior cingulate cortex?

Recall autobiographical memory. Memory that has a quality emotional meaning behind it