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Phys III - Exam 1 > Lightsaber 101 > Flashcards

Lightsaber 101 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammatory pathways promote thrombosis, which is responsible for myocardial infarction and most strokes. T/F?

A

T

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2
Q

What is released from the endothelial wall, that promotes vasodilatation and limits platelet extension?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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3
Q

What is produced from the platelets, that promotes vasoconstriction and potentiates granule release?

A

thromboxane A2

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4
Q

A traumatized vessel will constrict; most of the constriction is due to what?

A

local myogenic spasm

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5
Q

What is effective at dissolving blood clots?

A

plasmin/plasminogen

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6
Q

What is effective at preventing clots from forming?

A

anticoagulants (heparin, dicumerol, or chelators)

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7
Q

What is the key step in blood coagulation?

A

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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8
Q

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, requires what enzyme?

A

thrombin

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9
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin along with factors VII, IX, X are produced by which organ?

A

liver

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10
Q

Where does majority of macrophage activity occur?

A

spleen

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11
Q

What steps do Ca++ play a role in, in blood clotting?

A

required in all steps except the 1st 2 intrinsic steps

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12
Q

What are the 4 characteristic of the SA node, compared to a typical ventricular muscle cell?

A
  • lacks a stable polarized resting state
  • no plateau present
  • only slow Na+ channels
  • has a less negative resting membrane potential
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13
Q

At a normal resting membrane potential (Er) of -85 mV, what ion is closest to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

A

K+

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14
Q

A 2-3x elevation in extracellular fluid of what ion can cause flaccidity and weakness (and dilation) of cardiac muscle in part by decreasing the resting membrane potential?

A

K+

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15
Q

The effect/influence of elevated Ca++, results in what?

A

spastic contraction

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16
Q

If end diastolic volume = 160 ml and end systolic volume = 120 ml…what is the ejection fraction? What is the normal ejection fraction range?

A

25% (normal is 50-60%)

{ EDV-ESV=SV -> SV/ EDV =EF }

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17
Q

What percentage of blood from the atrium to the ventricle is actively pumped?

A

25-30%

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18
Q

Norepinephrine binds to which cardiac receptors? ACh bind to which cardiac receptors?

A

Norep - beta (85%)

ACh - muscarinic

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19
Q

At rest, if you block both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

A

HR will increase and strength of contraction will decrease (by 50 BPM)

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20
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation has what affect on the heart? Sympathetic? Which dominates?

A

Para - decreases HR
Symp - increases HR/strength of contraction

*Sympathetic division dominates

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21
Q

What allows the action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to an adjacent cardiac cell, and therefore allows the heart to behave as a syncytium?

A

intercalated discs

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22
Q

What creates ONLY a diastolic murmur?

A

mitral stenosis (tricuspid also opens)

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23
Q

What creates a systolic murmor?

A

aortic and pulmonic stenosis

24
Q

What is the the noise throughout the heart known as?

A

patent ductus arteriosis

25
Q

Reperfusion injury following infarction is primarily associated with what?

A

free radical production

26
Q

If the left atrial pressure is 7 mmHg., the left ventricular pressure is 100 mmHg., and the aortic blood pressure is 106 mmHg., what is the status of the valves on that side of the heart?

A

mitral valve closed and aortic valve closed

27
Q

Another term for diastole is?

A

isovolemic relaxation

28
Q

Increased stretch on the ventricular fibers during filling, have what effect on calcium influx into the ventricular cells?

A

increase (promotes increased contraction?)

29
Q

What enzyme has a positive inotropic effect on the ventricle? Negative inotropic effect?

A

+ thyroxine

- acetlycholine

30
Q

A wave of REpolarization moving toward the positive recording electrode would create what type of deflection?

A

negative deflection

31
Q

A wave of DEpolarization moving toward the positive recording electrode would create what type of deflection?

A

positive deflection

32
Q

When does myocardial blood flow peak in the LEFT ventricle?

A

at the onset of diastole

33
Q

When does myocardial blood flow peak in the RIGHT ventricle?

A

mid systole

34
Q

What gender is more susceptible to prolonged QT interval (increased incidence of sudden cardiac death)?

A

males

35
Q

If the sympathetic nerves to the heart are cut, and then the SNS is stimulated, heart rate will still increase, why?

A

circulating norepinephrine/epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

36
Q

The SNS innervation to the heart in __% direct, and __% indirect.

A

85% direct

15% indirect

37
Q

Under resting conditions, what percentage of oxygen is extracted by the myocardium from the perfusing coronary blood flow?

A

70%

38
Q

What is the preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?

A

fatty acids (70%)

39
Q

What is the second preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?

A

glucose

40
Q

What is the “last resort” in preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?

A

amino acids

41
Q

At a constant operating pressure what happens to the wall tension as the radius of that chamber decreases?

A

decreases

42
Q

Depolarization wave from atria to ventricle is delayed excessively (PR interval > .2 sec) describes what?

A

1st degree AV block

43
Q

Some depolarization waves pass, others blocked. The dropped beat-P wave with no associated QRS complex, describes what?

A

2nd degree AV block

44
Q

All depolarization waves from atria to ventricles are blocked (No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes) describes what?

A

3rd degree AV block

45
Q

If you block fast Na+ channels in a typical cardiac muscle cell using “tetradotoxin”, what will be observed?

A

depolarization is slowed

46
Q

As heart rate increases, cycle length _____, what happens to diastole/systole?

A

decreases; diastole shortens more than systole

47
Q

Most of the energy consumed by the heart is utilized for what?

A

for heat (75%)

48
Q

Most of the energy consumed by the heart FOR WORK is utilized for what?

A

pressurization of blood by the ventricles

49
Q

An inverted T wave is associated with what?

A

ischemia

50
Q

An elevated ST wave, where the QRS and T wave point in the same direction is associated with what?

A

infarction

51
Q

What is the major function of the AV node?

A

Delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle

52
Q

What is the major function of the SA node?

A

normal pacemaker of the heart

53
Q

An increase in Na+ influx has what effect on the heart?

A

speeds up heart rate

54
Q

An increase in K+ efflux has what effect on the heart?

A

slows down heart rate

55
Q

An increase in Ca++ influx has what effect on the heart?

A

speeds up heart rate

56
Q

A decrease in K+ efflux has what effect on the heart?

A

speeds up heart rate

Phys III - Exam 1 (1 decks)

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