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Phys III - Exam 1 > Lightsaber 101 > Flashcards

Lightsaber 101 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammatory pathways promote thrombosis, which is responsible for myocardial infarction and most strokes. T/F?

A

T

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2
Q

What is released from the endothelial wall, that promotes vasodilatation and limits platelet extension?

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

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3
Q

What is produced from the platelets, that promotes vasoconstriction and potentiates granule release?

A

thromboxane A2

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4
Q

A traumatized vessel will constrict; most of the constriction is due to what?

A

local myogenic spasm

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5
Q

What is effective at dissolving blood clots?

A

plasmin/plasminogen

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6
Q

What is effective at preventing clots from forming?

A

anticoagulants (heparin, dicumerol, or chelators)

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7
Q

What is the key step in blood coagulation?

A

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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8
Q

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, requires what enzyme?

A

thrombin

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9
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin along with factors VII, IX, X are produced by which organ?

A

liver

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10
Q

Where does majority of macrophage activity occur?

A

spleen

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11
Q

What steps do Ca++ play a role in, in blood clotting?

A

required in all steps except the 1st 2 intrinsic steps

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12
Q

What are the 4 characteristic of the SA node, compared to a typical ventricular muscle cell?

A
  • lacks a stable polarized resting state
  • no plateau present
  • only slow Na+ channels
  • has a less negative resting membrane potential
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13
Q

At a normal resting membrane potential (Er) of -85 mV, what ion is closest to its Nernst equilibrium potential?

A

K+

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14
Q

A 2-3x elevation in extracellular fluid of what ion can cause flaccidity and weakness (and dilation) of cardiac muscle in part by decreasing the resting membrane potential?

A

K+

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15
Q

The effect/influence of elevated Ca++, results in what?

A

spastic contraction

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16
Q

If end diastolic volume = 160 ml and end systolic volume = 120 ml…what is the ejection fraction? What is the normal ejection fraction range?

A

25% (normal is 50-60%)

{ EDV-ESV=SV -> SV/ EDV =EF }

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17
Q

What percentage of blood from the atrium to the ventricle is actively pumped?

A

25-30%

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18
Q

Norepinephrine binds to which cardiac receptors? ACh bind to which cardiac receptors?

A

Norep - beta (85%)

ACh - muscarinic

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19
Q

At rest, if you block both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, what changes would occur?

A

HR will increase and strength of contraction will decrease (by 50 BPM)

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20
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation has what affect on the heart? Sympathetic? Which dominates?

A

Para - decreases HR
Symp - increases HR/strength of contraction

*Sympathetic division dominates

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21
Q

What allows the action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to an adjacent cardiac cell, and therefore allows the heart to behave as a syncytium?

A

intercalated discs

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22
Q

What creates ONLY a diastolic murmur?

A

mitral stenosis (tricuspid also opens)

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23
Q

What creates a systolic murmor?

A

aortic and pulmonic stenosis

24
Q

What is the the noise throughout the heart known as?

A

patent ductus arteriosis

25
Reperfusion injury following infarction is primarily associated with what?
free radical production
26
If the left atrial pressure is 7 mmHg., the left ventricular pressure is 100 mmHg., and the aortic blood pressure is 106 mmHg., what is the status of the valves on that side of the heart?
mitral valve closed and aortic valve closed
27
Another term for diastole is?
isovolemic relaxation
28
Increased stretch on the ventricular fibers during filling, have what effect on calcium influx into the ventricular cells?
increase (promotes increased contraction?)
29
What enzyme has a positive inotropic effect on the ventricle? Negative inotropic effect?
+ thyroxine | - acetlycholine
30
A wave of REpolarization moving toward the positive recording electrode would create what type of deflection?
negative deflection
31
A wave of DEpolarization moving toward the positive recording electrode would create what type of deflection?
positive deflection
32
When does myocardial blood flow peak in the LEFT ventricle?
at the onset of diastole
33
When does myocardial blood flow peak in the RIGHT ventricle?
mid systole
34
What gender is more susceptible to prolonged QT interval (increased incidence of sudden cardiac death)?
males
35
If the sympathetic nerves to the heart are cut, and then the SNS is stimulated, heart rate will still increase, why?
circulating norepinephrine/epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
36
The SNS innervation to the heart in __% direct, and __% indirect.
85% direct | 15% indirect
37
Under resting conditions, what percentage of oxygen is extracted by the myocardium from the perfusing coronary blood flow?
70%
38
What is the preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?
fatty acids (70%)
39
What is the second preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?
glucose
40
What is the "last resort" in preferred energy substrate of ventricular cardiac cells?
amino acids
41
At a constant operating pressure what happens to the wall tension as the radius of that chamber decreases?
decreases
42
Depolarization wave from atria to ventricle is delayed excessively (PR interval > .2 sec) describes what?
1st degree AV block
43
Some depolarization waves pass, others blocked. The dropped beat-P wave with no associated QRS complex, describes what?
2nd degree AV block
44
All depolarization waves from atria to ventricles are blocked (No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes) describes what?
3rd degree AV block
45
If you block fast Na+ channels in a typical cardiac muscle cell using “tetradotoxin”, what will be observed?
depolarization is slowed
46
As heart rate increases, cycle length _____, what happens to diastole/systole?
decreases; diastole shortens more than systole
47
Most of the energy consumed by the heart is utilized for what?
for heat (75%)
48
Most of the energy consumed by the heart FOR WORK is utilized for what?
pressurization of blood by the ventricles
49
An inverted T wave is associated with what?
ischemia
50
An elevated ST wave, where the QRS and T wave point in the same direction is associated with what?
infarction
51
What is the major function of the AV node?
Delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle
52
What is the major function of the SA node?
normal pacemaker of the heart
53
An increase in Na+ influx has what effect on the heart?
speeds up heart rate
54
An increase in K+ efflux has what effect on the heart?
slows down heart rate
55
An increase in Ca++ influx has what effect on the heart?
speeds up heart rate
56
A decrease in K+ efflux has what effect on the heart?
speeds up heart rate

Phys III - Exam 1 (1 decks)

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