Lighting Flashcards
1
Q
What is called the alteration of the natural quantity of light in the night environment due to the introduction of excess artificial light?
A
Light pollution
2
Q
It is the clear transparent bump on the front of the eye that does about two-third of focusing of light.
A
Cornea
3
Q
It is the colored part of the front of the eye. The function of the ____ is the adaptation of vision from light to dark, and vice versa.
A
Iris
4
Q
It is the small opening in the center of the iris where light enters the lens. It appears black because all of the light that enters is absorbed inside the eye.
A
Pupil
5
Q
It is variable in shape and can focus objects at various distances on both its front and back surfaces. It is more curved in the back than in the front.
A
Lens
6
Q
It fills the space between the lens and the cornea.
A
Aqueous Humor
7
Q
It is continuously being produced and the surplus escapes through drain tube
A
Canal of Schelemm
8
Q
Blockage of the drain tubes results in increased pressure in the eye
A
Glaucoma
9
Q
It is a clear jelly-like substance that fits the large space between the lens and the retina. It helps to keep the shape of he eye fixed and is essentially permanent.
A
Vitreous Humor
10
Q
It is the tough, light, tight covering over all of the eye except the cornea. It is protected by a transparent coating called the conjunctive
A
Sclera
11
Q
The light-sensitive part of the eye. It converts the light image into electrical nerve impulses that one sends to the brain. It’s lining the most sclera.
A
Retina
12
Q
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form
A
Law of Conservation of Energy
13
Q
Basic unit of light
A
Photons
14
Q
Travels 2,998 x 10^8 m/s in vacuum
A
Photons
15
Q
120 million in each eye in most of the retina.
A
Rods (in the retina)
16
Q
Maximal sensitivity at 510 nm (blue-green light) and sensitive to darker colors
A
Rods (in the retina)
17
Q
6.5 million in each eye used for day light
A
Cones (in the retina)
18
Q
Maximal sensitivity at 550 nm (yellow-green)
A
Cones (in the retina)
19
Q
Documented during the day
A
Photopic Vision Regime
20
Q
Documented in the middle of the day
A
Mesopic Vision Regime
21
Q
Documented during the night
A
Scotopic Vision Regime
22
Q
The projection neurons of the vertebrate retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain
A
Ganglion Cells
23
Q
Circadian receptors
A
Ganglion cells
24
Q
Peak sensitivity at 484 Nanometer in blue spectral range
A
Ganglion cellls
25
It controls the circadian rhythm
Photoreceptor
26
It is the measure of the power of visible light produced by a light source of light fitting. Measured in lumens (lm)
Luminous flux
27
Expressed in lumens
Luminous flux
28
Part of the power is perceived as light by the human eye
Luminous flux
29
Expressed in candela
Luminous intensity
30
Expressed directionally if visible light from a light source
luminous intensity
31
Expressed in lumens/meter-squared
Illuminance
32
Expressed in candela/meter-squared
Luminance
33
Amount of light that perceiver receives
Luminance
34
Expressed in watts or J/s
Radiant flux
35
Energy per unit of time that is radiated from a source over optical wavelengths, which includes the electromagnetic spectrum
Radiant flux
36
Expressed in watts/steridian or w/st
Radiant intensity
37
The emitted radiant flux per solid angle
Radiant intensity
38
Expressed in E Radian Existence (W.sq.m)
Irradiance
39
Power per unit area of electromagnetic radiation incident on a surface
Irradiance
40
Expressed in W/SR
Radiance
41
Is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or perceived by a given surface
Radiance
42
Who demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves move at the speed of light?
James Clerk Maxwell
43
Who derived and provided the mathematical computation to light?
James Clerk Maxwell
44
Luminous flux/angle of incidence =
Luminous intensity
45
Luminous flux/area of reflected surface =
Illuminance
46
Luminous intensity / (area of ref. surface)(cos e) =
Luminance
47
(Illuminance)(p) / pi
Luminance
48
Measures how well a light source produce visible light
Luminous Efficacy
49
Spatial distribution of luminous flux or lumens per steridian
Luminous Intensity
50
Total luminous flux density leaving a surface irrespective of directivity or viewer position
Exitance
51
The **ratio of energy reflected the total energy incident on a body**, expressed in percentage.
Reflectance (Φ=Φr+Φa+Φt)
52
Associated with psychological and physiological effects
Visual Comfort
53
Involves eye fatigue and can lead to headaches and neck and shoulder pain
Visual discomfort
54
The phenomenon is caused by extremely bright light sources or by strong brightness contrast in the visual field.
Glare
55
Perpetual sensation caused by a luminous source or reflecting surface
Brightness
56
What is called being blinded by brightness such as headlight?
Disability glare
57
What do you call psychological glare?
Discomfort glare
58
Cause of glare: Light source in the field of view
Direct glare
59
Cause of glare: Reflection of a light source
Reflected glare
60
Ideal angle of light
45 degrees
61
A metric used **to predict discomfort glare in interior applications** and considers the direct light component
Unified Glare Rating (UGR)
62
First metric which considered large glare sources (e.g. the sky viewed through the window)
Daylight glare index (DGI)
63
Calculations require both direct and diffuse luminaires
CIE Glare Index
64
CIE stand for _____________________________. Also for luminaire source of glare
International Commission in Illumination or Commission internationale de l'éclairage)
65
Massive system of equations adopted by IESNA. Only valid for typically-sized luminaires of light (no halogens or visible skies)
Visual Discomfort Probability (VCP)
66
IESNA stands for ___________________
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
67
Glare sources are detected by contrast ratios, so **direct daylight and specular reflections are considered.**
Daylight Glare Probability(DGP)
68
Formula for Daylight Factor (EI)
EI = Sky Component (SC) + Externally Reflected Component (ERC) + Internally Reflected Component (IRC)
69
-Subdivided into outdoor and indoor.
-Bright, powerful illumination that lights up a room in its entirety.
Ambient Lighting
70
Also known as General Lighting
Ambient Lighting
71
To provide you with uniform levels of illumination over the entire space completely independently from other lighting sources
Ambient Lighting
72
Serve as a more worthy addition than effective task lighting specifically tailored for the task you are about to complete.
Task Lighting
73
Achieving a specific desired effect by using certain points of interest is what this type of lighting does best
Accent Lighting
74
Create an impression of a larger room, highlight a certain feature or decoration focal point such as a beautiful collection or even a unique piece of art
Accent lighting
75
This type of lighting shines three times as much light on the focal point as ambient lighting provides to emphasize it
Accent lighting
76
Have a higher output and narrower beam angle to focus the light only where required
Accent Lighting
77
He was one of the pioneers of and considered the father of architectural lighting design. He first opened his firm in 1935, working on architectural and theatrical lighting.
Richard Kelly (1910-1977)
78
Richard Kelly identified the three (3) form of light play:
1._____________
2._____________
3._____________
Focal glow, ambient luminescence, play of brilliants
79
Creating focus and interest
Focal glow
80
Minimizing the importance of certain elements, general lighting, achieved by light colored walls, curtains and ceilings
Ambient Luminescence
81
Stimulating the optic nerves and curiosity. It can be entertaining
Play of brilliants
82
Uniform and generally diffused lighting
General lighting
83
Small, high-level area of lighting without contributing to the general lighting and supplements the general lighting
Local & Supplementary Lighting
84
The ceiling and upper walls become the primary light source which creates shadowless environments. The resultant illumination is generally uniform and direct and reflected glare are low.
Indirect lighting
85
It has the greater portion of the light beamed downwards. Wall sconces with an opalescent glass globe are an example.
Semi-direct lighting
86
This light is mostly reflected, but some parts of the light source also provide a smaller amount of direct light. Most of this light is beamed upwards
Semi-indirect lighting
87
Generally the equal amount of upward and downwards lights and global in shape.
General diffuse lighting
88
__________ tend to give lighter illumination while walls may be less illuminated in direct-indirect lighting.
General diffuse lighting
89
__________ have a little horizontal component in contrast to general diffuse lighting.
Direct-indirect lighting
90
____________ has the greater portion of the light beamed downward. Wall sconces with an opalescent glass globe are an example.
Semi-direct lighting
91
Does not illuminate the ceiling. It can be spread (surface-mounted) or concentrated (downlight used alone where a privacy type of atmosphere is needed)
Direct lighting
92
The light distribution pattern is spread uniformly over a large surface area. This allows a higher spacing to mounting height ratio (it can be spaced farther.) Usually achieved by using lenses.
Prismatic distribution
93
Provides uneven illumination and requires closer spacing for uniform illumination. This distribution is usually achieved by parabolic louvers (eggcrate-like)
Parabolic distribution
94
A type of lamp where the heated wire filament produces light.
Incandescent lamps
95
A thin metal with a high melting point that glows or produces visible light with a current passing through.
Filament (Tungsten filament)
96
What are the gasses inside incandescent bulbs?
Nitrogen, neon, argon
97
A family of artificial light sources that emit light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas i.e. plasma
Gas-discharge lamps
98
A type of lamp where light is produced by passing the electric current through a semiconducting material (a diode) which emits photons (light) through the principle of "electroluminescence"
LED (light emitting diodes) lamps
99
This is produced by cathodoluminescence i.e., by a beam of electrons made to hit a fluorescent phosphor surface.
Electron-stimulated Luminescence (ESL) Lamps
100
A metric that looks at specific light levels at a set day and time using localized weather conditions to review lighting design and glare.
Point-in-Time Radiance Simulation
101
The quality of light emitted by a source that falls on a surface.
Illuminance
102
It is wasted light that performs no function or task.
Light pollution
103
Most common in homes. It uses electric current to heat a tiny coil of tungsten metal inside a glass bulb to produce light.
Incandescent
104
Used mostly in commercial settings. It produces light when electric current is conducted through mercury and inert gases.
Fluorescent
105
3 to 4 times more efficient than incandescent, lasts 10 times longer
Fluorescent
106
Used mainly for large-area applications. Provide higher efficacy and longer service life. Most common types are mercury vapor (MV), metal halide (MH), and high-pressure sodium (HPS)
High-Intensity Discharge
107
Also considered a high-intensity discharge lamp, but it has some unique characteristics. Used in outdoor applications and the most efficient form of artificial lighting.
Low-Pressure Sodium
108
Used for streets, car parking, cycle tracks and pedestrian areas
Column mounted fittings
109
Used most commonly for security
Wall mounted lanterns
110
used for pathway and area lighting
Lighting bollards
111
Used for pathways, or where buried in the ground for up lighting structures, trees, and other incidents
Recessed fittings
112
The art of placing apertures into buildings to control either direct or indirect sunlight that penetrates the space to provide interior lighting.
Daylighting
113
An **annual illuminance metric** that **describes multiple categories** of **"usable" lux levels** in a space, reporting a percentage of floor area that falls within a specified illuminance range for 50% of the time.
Useful Daylight Illuminance
114
A **measure of annual daylight sufficient for a given area**, reporting a percentage of floor area that **exceeds a specified illuminance level for a defined analysis period.**
Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)
115
_______ is not a glazing panel. It is stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient than look-alike and alternative products
Translucent fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP)
116
Is the ability of a product to be perpetually cycled/upcycled.
Circularity
117
It is a **traditional composition used because of its performance profile**. It is composed of a polyester core for strength and flexibility, and a **vinyl jacket for durability and cleanability.**
Vinyl-coated polyester
118
What does FLAP in terms of Bird Effects means?
Fatal Light Awareness Program
119
Formula for Daylight factor:
DF=100 x EI(interior)/EO(exterior)
120
What do you call the light reflected from an exterior surface and then reaching the point considered?
Externally Reflected Component (ERC)
121
An SOP metric that equates to the density of the weave of the shade cloth material
Openness Factor
122
A DF under ___ will feel gloomy
2%
123
In hospitals, these materials are discouraged from being used inside.
Formaldehyde, Polyvinyl Chloride, and
Perfluorinated Chemicals
124
A certification that focuses on the effects building has on human health and well-being
WELL
125
What angle of light distribution is considered to cause direct glare in rooms with an average ceiling?
90 degrees
126
What angle of light distribution is considered to cause direct glare in rooms with an high ceiling?
60 degrees
127
As of the 21st Century, humans now spend approximately how much of their time indoors?
90%
128
A DF over _____ could result in a design that is overglazed, causing too much heat gain or heat loss.
5%
129
Why is gray the most popular color for shade cloth?
It gives a clearer view than white fabric
130
A certification that helps manufacturers create and buyers identify interior products and materials that have low chemical emissions.
GREENGUARD
131
What Vitamin do you get from sunlight?
Vitamin D
132
Oldest way of allowing natural light into a building. Its transparency offers unparalleled visual freedom with the inherent biophilic advantages of linking people to nature.
Glass
133
The glow effect that can be seen over populated areas.
Sky glow
134
Light that go across property lines and illuminates someone else premises
Light trespass or nitrous pass
135
Direct light from a patch of sky visible at the point considered
Sky component
136
Light entering the window but reaching the point only after reflection from an internal surface
Internally reflected component (IRC)
137
Formula for Interior Illumination (Ei)
Ei = SC + ERC + IRC
138
____________ allow occupants to control shades via a wall switch or a remote control and can be integrated with lighting systems
Motorized roller
139
- This type of fabric filter sunlight and preserve the view. Openness factors are typically 3 to 5%.
- Applications in lobby spaces and open office design
Sheer fabrics
140
- This type of fabric permit limited light into the interior space and limit the view. Openness factor ranges from 1 to 3%, which also impacted by material color.
- Applications are in private offices, patient rooms, and spaces that require some degree of privacy
Semi-opaque fabrics
141
This type of fabrics are opaque and block out all the light and the view. Openness factor is 0%
Blackout fabrics
142
Formula for Luminous intensity
Lum. flux / angle of incidence = lum. intensity
143
Formula for illuminance
lum. flux / area = illuminance
144
formula for luminance
lum. intensity / (area)(cose e) - luminance
145
formula for luminance
(illuminance)(p^) / pi = luminance
