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Biochem Unit 2 > Lightbody Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lightbody Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

triacylglycerol

A

glycerol backbone w/3 FAs attached

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2
Q

glycerophospholipid

A

glycerol w/2 FAs and a PO4 w/alcohol (X) attached (ex: phosphatidylcholine)

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3
Q

phospholipid sphingolipid

A

sphingosine backbone w/one FA attached and a PO4 w/choline attached (ex: sphingomyelin-only one in humans)

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4
Q

glycolipid sphingolipid

A

sphingosine backbone w/one FA and a mono- or oligosaccharide (ex: gangliosides)

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5
Q

phosphatidic acid X

A

H

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6
Q

phosphatidylethanolamine X

A

ethanolamine (-CH2-CH2-NH3)

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7
Q

phosphatidylcholine X

A

choline (-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3

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8
Q

phosphatidylserine X

A

serine (-CH2-CHCOO-NH3)

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9
Q

phosphatidylglycerol X

A

glycerol (CH2CHOHCH2OH)

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10
Q

phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate X

A

myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate

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11
Q

cardiolipin X

A

phosphatidylglycerol

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12
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A

prime source of choline; highest [ ] in membs; bile secretion; normal lung fxn dep on constant synth (surfactant); esters of chol in HDL

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13
Q

phosphatidylinositol

A

sig transduc as 2nd msgr; cont arach acid on C2 (provides subst for PG synth)

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14
Q

cardiolipin

A

20% of inner mito memb; imp in fxn of e- trans chain and oxid phos

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15
Q

plasmalogens

A

has ether link at C1; 50% of PTcholine is in this form in <3, nerves, testes, kidneys

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16
Q

platelet activating factor

A

activates platelet agg, anaphylactic shock, acute inflam, chemotaxis; active at 10^12M; TSS; can activate PLA2

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17
Q

phospholipase A2

A

hydrolyzes glycerolphospholipids; in all tissue and panc juice; 4 types; this one hydrolyzes FAs from C2 of glycerol; in tissue, panc, snake and bee venom; activ by GCPRs in PM, then translocates (Ca dep) to nuc memb–>hydrol AA from glycerolPs (PTC, PTI)

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18
Q

sphingolipids

A

have sphingosine backbone (not glycerol); addn of LCFA in amide link–>ceramide; addn of choline to ceramide–>sphingomyelin (myelin sheath)

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19
Q

sphingomyelinase

A

removes choline from sphingomyelin

20
Q

Nieman-Pick A

A

defect in sphingomyelinase; mental retardation, seizures, eye paralysis, ataxia, failure to grow; cells are foamy b/c accum sphingomyelin in spleen, liver, bone marrow, brain

21
Q

glycosphingolipids (GSL)

A

both carb and lipid, but not P; in membs, lots in nerve; sugars are antigenic, sourece of ABP blood gp Ags; cerebrosides and globosides are bdg sites for toxins; dramatic /\ in comp when cells transformed; in imm system, cell recognition, cell devel; synth and degrad usu balanced; if not, disease

22
Q

cerebroside (GSL)

A

ceramide linked to monosaccharide (galactose or glucose)

23
Q

globoside (GSL)

A

ceramide linked to more than one monosaccharide

24
Q

ganglioside (GSL)

A

prod by adding one or more N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)(sialic acid) to cerebroside or globoside

25
Q

gangliosides (G)

A

most complex GSL; on cell surface of ganglions of CNS; subscript = #NANA (high is slow); neuronal grth and devel, receptors for cholera toxin

26
Q

sphingolipidosis

A

degradative disease b/c synth and degrad of GSLs not balanced

27
Q

Tay-Sacks

A

GM2 gangliosidosis; defect in hexosaminidase, so GM2 accum in brain–>red spot on retina, then blind, deaf, paralyzed

28
Q

Gm1 gangliosidosis

A

accum in many tissues; defective b-galactosidase; symps are neuro deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, skel deforms

29
Q

eicosanoid

A

from 20-C arachidonic acid; potent; prod in small amts and act locally, not stored, short t1/2; inflam

30
Q

eicosanoid pathway

A

HA, hormones, thrombin, cytokines, tissue injury, inflam–>receptor–>activate PLA2 in cyto–>eicosanoid AA–>PGs and TXA, LTs, lipoxins; PLA2 also –>EPA–>resolvins

31
Q

PGs

A

in almost every nuc cell (not RBC); short t1/2 before mod and excreted; low concs (10^-14); cyclopentane ring, unlike TXA (cyclohexane ring); autocrine or paracrine

32
Q

PG synthesis

A

PGS has 1-cyclooxygenase (COX) and 2-peroxidase (dioxygenases); PGH2 is unstable precurs of other PGs and TXA; fate of PGH2 dep on tissue w/PG synthesis; released thru specific transporters; PG transmemb receptors transduce effect into tgt cell (spec for each PG)

33
Q

thromboxane synthase

A

in platelets; convert PGH2 to TXA2

34
Q

prostacyclin synthase

A

in vasc endothelial; convert PGH2 to PGI2

35
Q

COX-1

A

exp constit in almost all tissues; prod PGs that maint gastric mucosa, kidney fxn, platelet aggreg, vasc homeostasis; general tissue homeostasis; inhib–>bleeding ulcers, loss of kidney fxn

36
Q

COX-2

A

induc w/inflam; deleterious b/c trigger, partic in, exacerbate inflam; pain, swell, fever, heat, redness; ind by cytokines, horm, GF, endotoxins; inhib good in inflam disease; overexp in breast, colon, prostate cancers; hyphob pocket near AS

37
Q

COX-3

A

tx from COX-1, but not active in humans; frameshift mutation–>incorp intron 1 into mRNA (altered AA seq)

38
Q

NSAIDS

A

inhib COX1 and COX2; aspirin, indometh, ibuprofen; inc peptic ulcers and kidney dmg; aspirin acetylates Ser near AS, prev arachidonate bdg; ibuprofen blocks hyphob chan, prevent arachidonate from entering AS

39
Q

Celebrex, Vioxx, Bextra

A

inhib COX2 w/lesser effect on COX1; inhib inflam w/less dmg to kidneys/GI, but heart attack/stroke

40
Q

acetaminophen

A

selectively reduces pain and fever, not inflam; inhib COX2; also inhib signal transduc for fever and pain; OD–>liver failure

41
Q

glucocorticoids

A

PG inhibitors (anti-inflam); induce synth of prot (macrocortine) that inhibits PLA2, but many side effects (impaired glucose tolerance)

42
Q

leukotrienes (LTs)

A

C-20, 3 dub bonds in conjugation (4 total); no cyclic rings; insert oxygen into specific sites on AA

43
Q

LT effects

A

sim to PGs; major role in atherosclerosis and asthmatic constric of bronchioles; Singulair and Accolate block bdg; med inflam response; recruit monocytes, mast cells, T cells, endothelial, SM cells into inflam resp

44
Q

lipoxins (LX)

A

anti-inflam; C20, 4 dub bonds, 3 OH gps, no cyclic ring struc; opposite of PG and LT; appearance signals end/resolution of inflam resp; inhib neutrophil chemotaxis, inerleukin synth, TNFa secretion; stim phagocyt of dead cells by macrophage (AA w/enz 15-LO)

45
Q

resolvins

A

anti-inflam eicosanoids from EPA; C20 w/4 dub bonds (3 conjugated) and 3 OH groups; inhib LT stim of neutrophil mig aX endothel cells; block oxid bursts of macs and inhibs neutrophil adhesion; inc phagocyt of dead neutrophils and decs prod of TNFa (AA w/enz 5-LO); aspirin enhances rxn

Biochem Unit 2 (13 decks)

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