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Biology > Lifestyle, Health and Risk > Flashcards

Lifestyle, Health and Risk Flashcards

1
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels, with walls containing smooth
muscle, formed when arteries divide

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2
Q

Artery

A

Large blood vessel which carries blood away from the
heart to the body organs

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of cardiovascular disease involving
deposits of cholesterol and formation of plaques in damaged
arteries

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4
Q

Atheroma

A

Deposited cholesterol in a damaged artery

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5
Q

Atrial systole

A

First phase of the cardiac cycle when both atria
contract

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6
Q

Atrium (plural atria)

A

One of two small chambers of the heart
into which blood flows from veins

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7
Q

Blood

A

Liquid that transports soluble substances and blood cells
around the body

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8
Q

Blood vessel

A

Tube in which blood is carried around the body

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9
Q

Capillary

A

Tiny blood vessel, with wall one cell thick, which passes
through the tissues of the body

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10
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events in the heart during a single
heart beat

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11
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Disease of the circulatory system
(heart and blood vessels)

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

A fatty substance present in cell walls and carried in
blood

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13
Q

Coronary artery

A

Artery that carries blood to the heart muscle

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14
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Disease of the arteries supplying
the heart

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15
Q

Diastole

A

Phase of the cardiac cycle when heart muscle relaxes

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16
Q

Dipole

A

Molecule that has a different electric charge at each end,
also known as a polar molecule

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17
Q

Double circulation

A

Blood flows through the heart twice for
every circuit around the body – once through the pulmonary
system and once through the systemic system

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18
Q

Endothelium

A

A delicate layer of cells which lines the inside of an
artery or vein

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19
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble protein, produced from fibrinogen, involved in
the clotting process

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20
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Soluble protein found in blood plasma involved in
the clotting process

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21
Q

Heart

A

Organ in the body that pumps blood round the body

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22
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak type of chemical bond due to electrostatic
attraction between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a
negatively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule or
part of the same molecule

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23
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Literally ‘water-loving’ – this term is applied to
chemical groups which attract water

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24
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Literally ‘water-fearing’ – this term is given to
chemical groups which repel water

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25
Mass flow
Bulk transport of materials from one point to another as a result of a pressure difference between the two points
26
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that take place in the body
27
Plaque
A deposit of calcium salts and fibrous tissue that forms in a damaged artery
28
Plasma
The liquid component of blood
29
Platelets
Small cell fragments found in the blood, involved with the blood clotting mechanism
30
Polar
Molecule that has a different electric charge at each end, also known as a polar molecule
31
Prothrombin
Inactive protein found in blood plasma involved in the clotting process
32
Pulmonary circulation
Vessels which carry blood between the heart and lungs
33
Systemic circulation
Blood vessels which carry blood around the whole body apart from to and from the lungs
34
Systole
Phase of cardiac cycle when heart muscle contracts
35
Thrombin
Plasma protein involved in the clotting process
36
Thromboplastin
Protein initiating the clotting process
37
Vein
Large blood vessel carrying blood to the heart
38
Ventricle
Large lower chamber of the heart
39
Ventricular systole
Second part of cardiac cycle when both ventricles contract
40
Venule
Small blood vessel formed when capillaries join to return blood to the heart
41
Causation (adj. causal)
When a change in one variable is responsible for a change in another variable
42
Correlation
When a change in one variable is matched by the change in another variable
43
Correlation coefficient
A number calculated by a statistical test such as the Spearman’s rank test to indicate how good or poor is the correlation between two variables
44
Mortality rate
Number of deaths due to a specific cause
45
Negative correlation
When an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in another variable
46
Null hypothesis
An assumption that there is no statistical significance in a set of observations – can be tested statistically
47
Positive correlation
When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in another variable
48
Risk
Probability of occurrence of an unwanted event or outcome
49
Spearman’s rank test
A statistical test used to calculate the correlation coefficient between two variables
50
Antioxidant
A chemical that can protect against damage by free radicals
51
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Energy needed by a person for essential purposes when at rest
52
calorie
A unit of energy, usually applied to energy content of food
53
Calorie (also called kilocalorie)
Unit of energy equal to 1000 calories
54
Case–control study
Compares people with a disease to people free from the disease
55
Cohort study
Follows a group of people over time to see if a disease develops
56
Diastolic pressure
The lower figure obtained from a blood pressure reading, when the ventricles are relaxed
57
Energy budget
Measures energy input against energy expenditure
58
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
A complex of molecules that transport cholesterol in blood; a low level is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
59
Hypertension
High blood pressure
60
Joule (J)
A unit of energy
61
Kilojoule (kJ)
A unit of energy equal to 1000 joules
62
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
A complex of molecules that transport cholesterol in blood; a high level is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease
63
Multifactorial disease
A disease caused by a combination of genes that increase a person's risk of developing the disease
64
Oedema
Build up of tissue fluid in the tissues
65
Sphygmomanometer
Device for measuring blood pressure
66
Systolic pressure
The higher figure obtained from a blood pressure reading, due to the ventricles contracting and pushing blood through the arteries
67
Tissue fluid
Fluid found in the spaces between cells in the tissues
68
Amylopectin
A polysaccharide, one of the components of starch
69
Apolipoproteins
Protein components of HDL and LDL
70
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Energy needed by a person at rest for essential processes
71
Cellulose
Polysaccharide that is the main component of plant cell walls
72
Condensation reaction
A type of chemical reaction that joins two monomers together by removing a small molecule
73
Dehydration reaction
A condensation reaction in which the small molecule removed is water
74
Ester bond
Type of bond that joins a fatty acid to glycerol
75
Fatty acid
Component of fats
76
Glycerol
A molecule that combines chemically with fatty acids to form triglycerides and phospholipids
77
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide found in animal cells
78
Glycosidic bond
Type of bond that joins two monosaccharides together
79
Hexose
A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in its molecules
80
Hydrolysis
Type of chemical reaction in which water is added to a bond between two monomers to split them apart
81
Monomer
Small molecules that can be joined together to form larger molecules, called polymers
82
Pentose
A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms in its molecules
83
Phospholipid
Group of lipids that form part of cell membranes
84
Polymer
Long chain of monomers joined together chemically
85
Saturated fat
A fat which contains fatty acids containing the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
86
Starch
Storage polysaccharide found in plant cells
87
Triglyceride
Lipid composed of three fatty acids combined with a glycerol molecule
88
Unsaturated fat
A fat which contains fatty acids containing fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and containing one or more double bonds within its carbon chain
89
ACE inhibitor
A type of antihypertensive
90
Angiotensin
Hormone that causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels
91
Anticoagulants
Drugs that inhibit blood clotting
92
Antihypertensives
Drugs that lower blood pressure
93
Body mass index (BMI)
Ratio of body mass (in kilograms) to the square of height (in metres), used to indicate if a person is overweight or obese
94
Cardiac output
Volume of blood expelled from the heart in one minute
95
Calcium channel blocker
A type of antihypertensive
96
Diuretic
A type of antihypertensive that works by reducing reabsorption of water in the kidneys
97
Obesity indicator
A way of numerically determining if a person may be overweight or obese, for example, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio
98
Platelet inhibitory drugs
Drugs that prevent platelets sticking together
99
Statins
Drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol levels
100
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the walls
101
Waist-to-hip ratio
The ratio of waist measurement to hip measurement, used to determine risk of a person developing CVD

Biology (3 decks)

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