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Biology > Lifestyle, Health and Risk > Flashcards

Lifestyle, Health and Risk Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels, with walls containing smooth
muscle, formed when arteries divide

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2
Q

Artery

A

Large blood vessel which carries blood away from the
heart to the body organs

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3
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of cardiovascular disease involving
deposits of cholesterol and formation of plaques in damaged
arteries

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4
Q

Atheroma

A

Deposited cholesterol in a damaged artery

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5
Q

Atrial systole

A

First phase of the cardiac cycle when both atria
contract

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6
Q

Atrium (plural atria)

A

One of two small chambers of the heart
into which blood flows from veins

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7
Q

Blood

A

Liquid that transports soluble substances and blood cells
around the body

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8
Q

Blood vessel

A

Tube in which blood is carried around the body

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9
Q

Capillary

A

Tiny blood vessel, with wall one cell thick, which passes
through the tissues of the body

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10
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events in the heart during a single
heart beat

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11
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Disease of the circulatory system
(heart and blood vessels)

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

A fatty substance present in cell walls and carried in
blood

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13
Q

Coronary artery

A

Artery that carries blood to the heart muscle

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14
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Disease of the arteries supplying
the heart

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15
Q

Diastole

A

Phase of the cardiac cycle when heart muscle relaxes

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16
Q

Dipole

A

Molecule that has a different electric charge at each end,
also known as a polar molecule

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17
Q

Double circulation

A

Blood flows through the heart twice for
every circuit around the body – once through the pulmonary
system and once through the systemic system

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18
Q

Endothelium

A

A delicate layer of cells which lines the inside of an
artery or vein

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19
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble protein, produced from fibrinogen, involved in
the clotting process

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20
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Soluble protein found in blood plasma involved in
the clotting process

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21
Q

Heart

A

Organ in the body that pumps blood round the body

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22
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak type of chemical bond due to electrostatic
attraction between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a
negatively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom in another molecule or
part of the same molecule

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23
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Literally ‘water-loving’ – this term is applied to
chemical groups which attract water

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24
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Literally ‘water-fearing’ – this term is given to
chemical groups which repel water

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25
Q

Mass flow

A

Bulk transport of materials from one point to another
as a result of a pressure difference between the two points

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that take place in the body

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27
Q

Plaque

A

A deposit of calcium salts and fibrous tissue that forms in
a damaged artery

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28
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid component of blood

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29
Q

Platelets

A

Small cell fragments found in the blood, involved with
the blood clotting mechanism

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30
Q

Polar

A

Molecule that has a different electric charge at each end,
also known as a polar molecule

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31
Q

Prothrombin

A

Inactive protein found in blood plasma involved in
the clotting process

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32
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Vessels which carry blood between the
heart and lungs

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33
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood vessels which carry blood around
the whole body apart from to and from the lungs

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34
Q

Systole

A

Phase of cardiac cycle when heart muscle contracts

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35
Q

Thrombin

A

Plasma protein involved in the clotting process

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36
Q

Thromboplastin

A

Protein initiating the clotting process

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37
Q

Vein

A

Large blood vessel carrying blood to the heart

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38
Q

Ventricle

A

Large lower chamber of the heart

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39
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Second part of cardiac cycle when both
ventricles contract

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40
Q

Venule

A

Small blood vessel formed when capillaries join to
return blood to the heart

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41
Q

Causation (adj. causal)

A

When a change in one variable is
responsible for a change in another variable

42
Q

Correlation

A

When a change in one variable is matched by the
change in another variable

43
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A number calculated by a statistical
test such as the Spearman’s rank test to indicate how good or
poor is the correlation between two variables

44
Q

Mortality rate

A

Number of deaths due to a specific cause

45
Q

Negative correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is
accompanied by a decrease in another variable

46
Q

Null hypothesis

A

An assumption that there is no statistical
significance in a set of observations – can be tested statistically

47
Q

Positive correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is
accompanied by an increase in another variable

48
Q

Risk

A

Probability of occurrence of an unwanted event or outcome

49
Q

Spearman’s rank test

A

A statistical test used to calculate the
correlation coefficient between two variables

50
Q

Antioxidant

A

A chemical that can protect against damage by free
radicals

51
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Energy needed by a person for essential
purposes when at rest

52
Q

calorie

A

A unit of energy, usually applied to energy content of food

53
Q

Calorie (also called kilocalorie)

A

Unit of energy equal to 1000 calories

54
Q

Case–control study

A

Compares people with a disease to people free
from the disease

55
Q

Cohort study

A

Follows a group of people over time to see if a disease
develops

56
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The lower figure obtained from a blood pressure
reading, when the ventricles are relaxed

57
Q

Energy budget

A

Measures energy input against energy expenditure

58
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A complex of molecules that
transport cholesterol in blood; a low level is associated with increased
risk of cardiovascular disease

59
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

60
Q

Joule (J)

A

A unit of energy

61
Q

Kilojoule (kJ)

A

A unit of energy equal to 1000 joules

62
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

A complex of molecules that transport
cholesterol in blood; a high level is associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease

63
Q

Multifactorial disease

A

A disease caused by a combination of genes
that increase a person’s risk of developing the disease

64
Q

Oedema

A

Build up of tissue fluid in the tissues

65
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Device for measuring blood pressure

66
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The higher figure obtained from a blood pressure
reading, due to the ventricles contracting and pushing blood through
the arteries

67
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid found in the spaces between cells in the tissues

68
Q

Amylopectin

A

A polysaccharide, one of the components of starch

69
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

Protein components of HDL and LDL

70
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Energy needed by a person at rest
for essential processes

71
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide that is the main component of plant cell
walls

72
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction that joins two
monomers together by removing a small molecule

73
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A condensation reaction in which the
small molecule removed is water

74
Q

Ester bond

A

Type of bond that joins a fatty acid to glycerol

75
Q

Fatty acid

A

Component of fats

76
Q

Glycerol

A

A molecule that combines chemically with fatty acids to
form triglycerides and phospholipids

77
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide found in animal cells

78
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Type of bond that joins two monosaccharides
together

79
Q

Hexose

A

A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in its molecules

80
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Type of chemical reaction in which water is added to a
bond between two monomers to split them apart

81
Q

Monomer

A

Small molecules that can be joined together to form
larger molecules, called polymers

82
Q

Pentose

A

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms in its
molecules

83
Q

Phospholipid

A

Group of lipids that form part of cell membranes

84
Q

Polymer

A

Long chain of monomers joined together chemically

85
Q

Saturated fat

A

A fat which contains fatty acids containing the
maximum number of hydrogen atoms

86
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide found in plant cells

87
Q

Triglyceride

A

Lipid composed of three fatty acids combined with
a glycerol molecule

88
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A fat which contains fatty acids containing
fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and
containing one or more double bonds within its carbon chain

89
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

A type of antihypertensive

90
Q

Angiotensin

A

Hormone that causes vasoconstriction of blood
vessels

91
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Drugs that inhibit blood clotting

92
Q

Antihypertensives

A

Drugs that lower blood pressure

93
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

Ratio of body mass (in kilograms) to the
square of height (in metres), used to indicate if a person is
overweight or obese

94
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood expelled from the heart in one
minute

95
Q

Calcium channel blocker

A

A type of antihypertensive

96
Q

Diuretic

A

A type of antihypertensive that works by reducing
reabsorption of water in the kidneys

97
Q

Obesity indicator

A

A way of numerically determining if a person
may be overweight or obese, for example, body mass index and
waist-to-hip ratio

98
Q

Platelet inhibitory drugs

A

Drugs that prevent platelets sticking
together

99
Q

Statins

A

Drugs used to reduce blood cholesterol levels

100
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels caused by
contraction of smooth muscles in the walls

101
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio

A

The ratio of waist measurement to hip
measurement, used to determine risk of a person developing CVD

Biology (3 decks)

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