lifestyle factors and cardiovascular disease Flashcards
what is the importance of lifestyle factors in CVD? 2
- elimination of modifiable risk factors- including unhealthy lifestyles would prevent 80% of cases of cardiovascular disease
- can cause acute or chronic physiological changes that lead to CHD
name some physical risk factors? 3
- age
- sex
- family history
name some psychosocial (modifiable) risk factors? 4
- health behaviours
- stress
- depression
- social support
what is metabolic syndrome? 6
- a group of risk factors which are more likely to cause CVD
- overweight and abdominal fat distribution
- hypertension
- insulin
- resistance
- hyperglycemia
what is the epic norfolk study for diet? 3
- compared to those eating 5 a day, other people were
- 1.7 x more likely to die early from CVD
- 1.4 x more likely to have stroke
what is the US nurses health study for diet? 2
- compared to people in the lowest 20% of total fat intake
- top 20% of total fat 1/3 x more likely to develop CVD
what are the secondary preventions for diet? 2
- interventions which can improve diet and lower death rates and lower risk of further cardiac events
- top 20% saturated fat= 1.5 x more likely to develop CVD
what is the epic norfolk study for smoking? 3
- compared to non smokers, smoker were
- 1.9 x more likely to die early from CVD
- 1.7 x more likely to have stroke
what is the secondary prevention for smoking? 3
- compared to CHD patients who keep smoking, quitters had
- 1.3 x more likely to die early from CVD
- 1.3 x more likely to have stroke
describe demographic and psychosocial factors for CVD? 7
- lower social classes have a greater CVD risk
- compares with top 20%, lowest 20% income have
- 2.7x greater risk of CVD death
- 4.3 x greater risk of acute MI
- after adjustment or behavioural risk factors (smoking, diet, exercise) lowest 20% income have
- no greater risk of CVD death
- 2.8 x greater risk of acute MI
what are men more likely to say their MI was due to? 2
- poor diet
- hard work
what are women more likely to say their MI was due to? 2
- chance
- bad luck
explain how getting to hospital on time is important for MI? 7
- outcome of MI is strongly associated with the speed of treatment- factors linked to shorter time to get to hospital
- being male
- being married
- believing MI has more serious consequences
- active coping style
- using problem, focused coping
- more non-pain symptoms (breathlessness/ dizziness)
describe 4 different responses to stress?
- physical=fight or flight
- behavioural= poor diet, smoking, drugs
- emotional= anxiety, anger depression
- cognitive= poor concentration
name 2 responses to stress?
approach= problem solving -avoidance= distraction
how do these studies show that stress affects CVD?
- epidemiological studies
- animal studies
- experimental studies
- acute= stress associated with MI and cardiac death
- chronic stress= induced atherosclerosis, lowers threshold for arrhythmia
- acute stress= triggers ischaemia in patients with CHD associated with cardiovascular changes
what falls under chronic lifestyle risk? 9
- standard
- age
- sex
- history
- smoking
- cholesterol
- hypertension
- depression
- low support
what falls under acute lifestyle risk? 3
- acute stress/ anger
- acute exercise
- CV reactivity
what personality type has more risk to CVD? 5
- type A
- hard-driving competitive behaviour
- vigorous speech characteristics
- impatience
- potentially for hostility (most important component to CHD)
explain depression and CVD? 3
- 2-3 times more common after MI
- more severe based on the severity and age of the cardiac event
- associated to poorer adherence to medication or lifestyle modification post MI
